The cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p27Kip1 contributes to the timing of cell cycle withdrawal during development and, consequently, in organogenesis. Within the retina, this effector protein is up-regulated during the birth of neuronal and glial cells [Dev. Biol. (2000) 299]. However, its expression within the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a supporting cell layer that is essential for neural retina development and function, has not previously been reported. We show that p27Kip1 protein expression in the RPE occurs in two phases: an up-regulation during mid-to late embryonic stages and a down-regulation during the subsequent postnatal period. In the early phase of up-regulation, an inverse relationship is seen between expression of p27Kip1 and PCNA, an indicator of cycling cells. During both up-and down-regulation, the change in spatial pattern of expression proceeds in a central to peripheral manner, with p27Kip1 up-regulation paralleling retinal maturation. These data suggest that this cell cycle regulator may be an important factor controlling the timing of RPE cell cycle withdrawal.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

This study is a subset of a larger body of research that examined shoulder time to fatigue during overhead work in an attempt to reduce the prevalence and impact of work-related musculoskeletal problems in the shoulder associated with overhead work, particularly during automobile assembly. Existing evidence suggests that shoulder injuries are diverse in terms of tissues affected and symptoms presented. Furthermore, the cause of these injuries is multifactorial. The work presented here assumes that musculoskeletal injuries of the shoulder mechanism are at least related to, if not caused by, fatigue localized to the shoulder musculature. While the exact relationship between fatigue and injury has not been clearly established, there is consensus among researchers that fatigue plays and important role. Muscular fatigue, therefore, is viewed as a surrogate measure of risk, and task design to avoid fatigue is seen as a rational method to minimize this risk. An experiment to determine the effects of tool weight on shoulder fatigue and performance during overhead work with work/rest cycles was performed. Times to fatigue were derived based on dependent measures including total task duration, controlled maximum muscle contractions, subjective ratings based on Borg's CR-10 RPE scale, electromyogram behavior (MdPF), and hand force performance measures. Experimental findings indicated that duty cycle (percentage of total task cycle time spent working) significantly affected task duration (p<0.0001), changes in maximum voluntary contraction values for the infraspinatus (p<0.05), and the minimum time for any shoulder muscle to fatigue as determined by changes in the EMG power spectrum (p<0.05). Time to fatigue for the mid deltoid as determined by changes in the median frequency of the EMG power spectrum was shown to change significantly (p<0.05) with change in tool weight. Large intersubject variation was observed for the dependent measures, which showed subjects experiencing different levels of fatigue while performing the same task. Limitations of the study and recommendations for future direction are also discussed. / Master of Science

Repetitive and forceful exertions have been dentified as an important risk factor for occupational injuries. One method used to determine appropriate exposures to these and other risk factors is psychophysics, which is based on individual perceptions of task demands and/or risk. Effects of work exposure have been indicated as of potential importance, but have not been well studied. Indications from an earlier study related to psychophysical limits for a repetitive manual torquing task were that five days of work conditioning had minimal effects on resulting Maximum Acceptable Repetition Rates (MARR). However, it is unknown whether and how longer work exposure durations might influence MARRs. The current study investigated the effects of work exposure on MARR and adjustment time over 10 working days (two weeks) with two days of rest after five days. Ten participants (five males and five females) performed a manual torquing (45 Nm load) task at mid-chest level in the coronal plane for a one hour test session. Starting repetition rate for each participant was set at single high and low rate on alternate days. Temporal (exposure) effects were determined, where day of exposure was the independent variable, and MARR and adjustment time were the dependent variables. Final MARRs were relatively lower during the first few exposure days (14 - 15 repetitions/min) and increased for days 5 - 7 (16 - 18 repetitions/min). On average participants made four adjustments to reach MARR . Day was not found to significantly affect MARR, though week affected both MARR and adjustment time. Thus, an exposure of two weeks may be needed to obtain stable and valid psychophysical limits for manual torquing and, perhaps, related tasks. / Master of Science

Na primeira parte deste trabalho, são discutidos alguns fatores que determinam a forma correta de operação de um espectro convencional de RPE. Um sistema específico, possuindo o circuito usual de \"ponte de microonda\", é analisado e as condições ideais para a realização da medida das duas componentes da susceptibilidade magnética complexa são determinadas. A seguir, mostra-mos os resultados encontrados para a relaxação eletrônica do hidrogênio atômico intersticial no CaF2. As medidas foram efetuadas utilizando técnicas de microonda pulsada, a 3 KGauss, para temperatura entre 1.6 e 4.2 0K. Os resultados experimentais foram interpretados, através dos dois processos seguintes: - difusão espectral entre spins pertencentes a uma mesma linha de absorção, e relaxação cruzada entre as diferentes componentes hiperfinas do espectro de absorção. A estes dois processos relacionamos tempos característicos da ordem de 10 ms a 60ms, respectivamente. / In the first part of this work some factors are discussed wich determine the correct way of operating of a convenctional EPR spectrometer. A specific system, having the usual \"microwave bridge\" circuit, is analysed and the complex conditions for the measurement of both components of the complex magnetic susceptibility are determined. We show results for the electronics relaxation of an interstitial atomic hydrogen in CaF2. Measurement were performed using the pulsed microwave technique at 3 kilogauss for temperatures between 1.6 and 4.2 0K.The experimental results were interpreted by means of two processes: - Spectral diffusion between spin states belonging to the same absorption line, and cross relaxation between different hyperfine components of the absorption spectrum. The characteristic times assigned to these processes are of the order or 10 ms and 60 ms respectively.