This dissertation details the development and experimental implementation of single-photon atomic cooling. In this scheme atoms are transferred from a large-volume magnetic trap into a small-volume optical trap via a single spontaneous Raman transition that is driven near each atom's classical turning point. This arrangement removes nearly all of an atomic ensemble's kinetic energy in one dimension. This method does not rely on a transfer of momentum from photon to atom to cool. Rather, single-photon atomic cooling achieves a reduction in temperature and an increase in the phase-space density of an atomic ensemble by the direct reduction of the system's entropy. Presented here is the application of this technique to a sample of magnetically trapped ⁸⁷Rb. Transfer efficiencies between traps of up to 2.2% are demonstrated. It is shown that transfer efficiency can be traded for increased phase-space compression. By doing so, the phase-space density of a magnetically trapped ensemble is increased by a factor of 350 by the single-photon atomic cooling process. / text

xvi, 176 p. : ill. (some col.) / The research presented in this dissertation aims to contribute to the field of atom optics via the implementation and demonstration of an all-optical one-way barrier for 87 Rb atoms--a novel tool for controlling atomic motion. This barrier--a type of atomic turnstile--transmits atoms traveling in one direction but hinders their passage in the other direction. We create the barrier with two laser beams, generating its unidirectional behavior by exploiting the two hyperfine ground states of 87 Rb. In particular, we judiciously choose the frequency of one beam to present a potential well to atoms in one ground state (the transmitting state) and a potential barrier to atoms in the other state (the reflecting state). The second beam optically pumps the atoms from the transmitting state to the reflecting state. A significant component of the experimental work presented here involves generating ultra-cold rubidium atoms for demonstrating the one-way barrier. To this end, we have designed and constructed a sophisticated 87 Rb cooling and trapping apparatus. This apparatus comprises an extensive ultra-high vacuum system, four home-built, frequency-stabilized diode laser systems, a high-power Yb:fiber laser, a multitude of supporting optics, and substantial timing and control electronics. This system allows us to cool and trap rubidium atoms at a temperature of about 30 μK. The results presented in this dissertation are summarized as follows. We successfully implemented a one-way barrier for neutral atoms and demonstrated its asymmetric nature. We used this new tool to compress the phase-space volume of an atomic sample and examined its significance as a physical realization of Maxwell's demon. We also demonstrated the robustness of the barrier's functionality to variations in several important experimental parameters. Lastly, we demonstrated the barrier's ability to cool an atomic sample, substantiating its potential application as a new cooling tool. This dissertation includes previously published coauthored material. / Committee in charge: Dr. Hailin Wang, Chair; Dr. Daniel A. Steck, Research Advisor; Dr. Jens U. Nockel; Dr. David M. Strom; Dr. Jeffrey A. Cina

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-07T13:31:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Henrique da Silva.pdf: 6944049 bytes, checksum: 14cd1ecdacc3a1c356355f918de0a35b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-07T13:31:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Henrique da Silva.pdf: 6944049 bytes, checksum: 14cd1ecdacc3a1c356355f918de0a35b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work shows the results of an experimental study of the generation of a fluorescence signal in the blue range of the electromagnetic spectrum (421 nm), when a Rubidium atomic vapor inside a heated optical cell interacts with a pair of laser beams, one cw from a diode laser (in the transition 5S1/2 -> 5P3/2) and one ultrashort pulse train from a Ti:sapphire laser (in the transition 5P3/2 -> 5D5/2). The laser beams pass through the vapor cell in a copropagating con guration and are focused into the cell, having perpendicular polarizations. We have observed coherent and acumulation e ects in the system, because the lifetimes of the excited states are larger than the temporal interval between the optical pulses. Both lasers have wavelengths near 780 nm, although the pulsed laser has a large bandwidth and can make a non-ressonant two-photon transition at the wavelengths 780 nm and 776 nm. The excited atoms can decay to the ground state (5S1/2) by the intermediate state 6P3/2, emiting a fluorescence signal in the blue range at 421 nm. We study the response of the fluorescence signal as a function of the many parameters of the system, such as: the frequency and the intensity of the diode laser, the atomic density in the optical cell, and the e ect of an optical pump from the diode laser on the detected signal. / Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de um estudo experimental da geração de fluorescência na região azul do espectro (421 nm), quando um vapor de rubídio contido em uma célula aquecida interage com um feixe de laser de diodo contínuo (na transição 5S1/2 -> 5P3/2) e um feixe de laser de pulsos ultracurtos de Ti:safira (na transição 5P3/2 _> 5D5/2). Os feixes de laser são focalizados copropagantes no centro da célula óptica de rubídio, tendo polarizações perpendiculares. Efeitos de acumulação coerente são esperados no sistema, uma vez que os tempos de vida dos estados excitados são muito maiores do que o intervalo temporal entre os pulsos do laser de Ti:safira. Ambos os lasers operam com comprimentos de ondas em torno de 780 nm, por em o laser pulsado por ter uma largura de banda elevada consegue fazer uma transição de dois fótons não ressonante nos comprimentos de onda em 780 nm e 776 nm. Os átomos excitados podem decair para o estado fundamental (5S1/2) através do estado intermediário 6P3/2, emitindo a fluorescência no azul em 421 nm. Estudamos a resposta desta fluorescência quando variamos alguns parâmetros como: a frequência e a intensidade do laser de diodo, a densidade atômica da célula, e a influência do bombeio óptico do laser de diodo no sinal.

No description available.

The geology of the northeastern and southwestern sections of the aureole of the Loon Lake pluton of Chandos township was mapped. Thirty five pairs of hornblende and biotite were separated from the rocks and spectrographically analyzed for Be, Ga, Ti, Cr, V, Li, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Zr, Sr, Ba and Rb. Major element analyses were made by wet chemical methods on 8 pairs of hornblende and biotite. The relations of minor and major elements are discussed in terms of distribution coefficients. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

No description available.

Neste trabalho apresentamos a produção de moléculas frias heteronucleares em uma armadilha magneto-óptica mista de 39K e 85Rb e detectadas no estado fundamental. A técnica de detecção consiste na fotoionização pulsada das moléculas que, após terem sido fotoassociadas, decaem através de emissão espontânea para estados ligados do potencial do estado molecular fundamental. A partir dos resultados da produção de moléculas frias KRb, estudamos-as com relação ao tipo de colisões que as originam, e à temperatura associada ao seu movimento translacional. Experimentos foram também realizados para comprovar que as moléculas detectadas são provenientes do estado fundamental. Finalmente, também estudamos neste trabalho, a taxa segundo a qual são formadas. Concomitantemente à produção de KRb, moléculas frias homonucleares 39K2 e 85Rb2 são também formadas, detectadas e caracterizadas. São apresentados também, os primeiros passos dados em direção à realização de espectroscopia fotoassociativa dos estados ligados das moléculas heteronucleares obtidas. / In this work, cold ground-state KRb molecules were produced by photoassociation in a two species magneto-optical trap (MOT) containing 39K and 85Rb. The KRb molecules are produced through photoassociation and detected in the ground state by multiphoton pulsed ionization. We have characterized their translational temperature and measured their formation rate constant. Homonuclear cold molecules 39K2 and 85Rb2 detected in their ground state were also formed in our trap and characterized as well. It is also reported our first efforts towards the realization of photoassociation spectroscopy of the heteronuclear molecules produced in our trap.

We investigate the propagation of light in different conditions that lead to exotic propagation of photons and use near-resonant light-matter interactions to enhance these effects. First, we study the propagation of light in a moving highly dispersive medium, namely rubidium atoms. Based on the special relativity the speed of light changes with the speed of the medium. However, this drag effect in a non-dispersive medium is very small and thus difficult to measure. We show that the drag effect is enhanced significantly when the moving medium is highly dispersive. Thus, with this enhancement even a slow motion can be detected. Next, we employ the large nonlinear response of rubidium atoms to accentuate the formation of optical caustics. Caustics are important as nature uses caustics to concentrate the energy of waves. Moreover, caustics can be formed in many physical systems such as water waves in oceans to amplify tsunamis or generate rogue waves. The connection of our study to these giant water waves is discussed. Finally, we explore light-matter interactions in plasmonic systems. We show that photons experience a significant phase jump as they couple into and out of a plasmonic structure. This coupling phase, also known as the scattering phase shift, is generic to all scattering events. We measure this coupling phase with a triple-slit plasmonic structure. Moreover, we use the near-field enhancement of the plasmonic structure to enhance the coupling between the slits. Consequently, the photons can take non-trivial trajectories that pass through all three slits. We measure such exotic trajectories for the first time that are seemingly in violation of the superposition principle. The application of the superposition principle and the validity of Born’s rule is discussed.

This thesis presents a set of measurements of spin asymmetries from the heavy atoms krypton and rubidium. These investigations allow examination of the spin orbit interaction for electron scattering from the target atoms. These measurements utilise spin polarized electrons in a crossed beam experiment to measure the Sherman function from krypton and the A2 parameter from the 52P state of rubidium. The measurements utilise a new spin polarized electron energy spectrometer which is designed to operate in the 20-200 eV range. The apparatus consists of a standard gallium arsenide polarized electron source, a 180 degrees hemispherical electron analyser to detect scattered electrons and a Mott detector to measure electron polarization. A series of measurements of the elastic Sherman function were performed on krypton at incident electron energies of 20, 50, 60, 65, 100, 150 and 200 eV. Scattered electrons are measured over an angular range of 30-130 degrees. These measurements are compared with calculations of the Sherman function which are obtained by solution of the Dirac-Fock equations. These calculations include potentials to account for dynamic polarization and loss of flux into inelastic channels. At the energies 50, 60 and 65 eV, experimental agreement with theory is seen to be extremely dependent on the theoretical model used. Measurement of the A2 parameter from the combined 52P1/2,3/2 state of rubidium are performed at an incident energy of 20 eV. The scattered electrons are measured over an angular range of 30-110 degrees. This measurement represents the first such measurement of this parameter for rubidium. Agreement with preliminary calculations performed using the R-matrix technique are good and are expected to improve with further theoretical development.

Le refroidissement évaporatif d'un nuage d'atomes de rubidium ultra froids a été étudié dans le cadre d'un piégeage radio-fréquence dans un champ magnétique inhomogène de type Ioffe-Pritchard. Contrairement à la situation rencontrée dans les pièges magnétiques statiques où une transition radio-fréquence à un photon est utilisée pour contrôler la hauteur du piège, nous montrons qu'une transition à plusieurs photons est nécessaire pour contrôler la hauteur d'un piège habillé par un champ radio-fréquence. L'efficacité de l'évaporation n'est pas identique pour toutes les transitions : une transition à deux photons s'est avérée la plus efficace par rapport aux autres. Des résultats préliminaires de refroidissement évaporatif sont discutés. La dégénérescence quantique, qui est le but poursuivi dans le refroidissement évaporatif, n'a pas été atteinte, la très grande anisotropie du piège rendant pratiquement impossible la thermalisation à l'intérieur du piège. La dégénérescence quantique dans un piège radio-fréquence très anisotrope pourrait être satisfaite par la transformation adiabatique vers ce piège à partir d'un condensat de Bose-Einstein produit dans un piège magnétique de type Ioffe-Pritchard. Les expériences qui ont été réalisées dans ce sens ont été négatives : les fréquences latérales du pièges radio-fréquences sont trop basses pour assurer une transformation adiabatique en un temps raisonnable pour l'expérience. La fin de la thèse expose des résultats préliminaires de piégeage d'atomes dans une configuration magnétique quadrupolaire, cette dernière configuration conduisant à des fréquences d'oscillation de piège plus élevées dans les directions latérales.