The 87Rb-86Sr system is a widely used long-lived isotope geochronometer. 87Rb, the naturally occurring radioactive isotope of Rb, undergoes beta-decay to stable 87Sr with a half-life of approximately 50 Ga. Decay of 87Rb to 87Sr results in variable 87Sr/86Sr in minerals with different Rb/Sr, and measurement of 87Rb/86Sr and 87Sr/86Sr allows for the determination of the age of the rock. Accurate ages depend both on the quality of the isotopic analysis and on the accuracy of the 87Rb decay constant, lambda87. Although the currently accepted value for lambda87 of 1.42 × 10-11a-1 has been in use for over 30 years, there is growing evidence that it is not accurate. Recent attempts to refine lambda87 and its precision have not reached a consensus. This thesis describes a new experiment to measure lambda87 by 87Sr accumulation over a period of about 30 years, and the preparation of a 84-86Sr double-spike in conjunction with that experiment. Radiogenic 87Sr produced in aliquots of a RbClO4 salt was measured by isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry. An average of 31 measurements yields a value of 1.398 ± 0.003 × 10-11a-1 . This requires a substantial revision from the previously accepted decay constant and makes Rb-Sr ages calculated with it 1.5% older. A Rb-Sr and U-Pb isotopic chronometry study was carried out on thirteen ordinary chondrites – the most common type of meteorite, the origin and history of which are still unclear. Some meteorites appear disturbed, possibly by recent shock during breakup of the parent body, whereas others yielded accurate and precise U-Pb and Pb-Pb ages. For example, L5 Elenovka yielded distinct ages for silicates (4555 Ma) and phosphates (4535 Ma), allowing the cooling rate of this meteorite from approximately 1055 K to 759 K to be constrained to 15 ± 3 K/Ma. Rb-Sr yielded less precise ages than U-Pb, but using the new decay constant allows accurate comparison between the two methods. This study creates a firm foundation for future studies in thermal history of chondrites and terrestrial metamorphic complexes using Rb-Sr together with other isotopic chronometers.

Carbon dioxide removal from flue gases of power plants is critical for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions implicated in global warming. Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) promising potential applications in carbon dioxide capture due to their unique structural properties such as high porosity and high thermal stability. These MOFs have application in separation processes and gas storage. By the assembly of the organic ligands and metal oxide clusters, porous MOFs can be synthesized. The use of s-block metals such as calcium, magnesium and rubidium in porous materials is appealing because their ionic binding characters with organic ligands will general flexible MOFs. The bonding interaction of s-block metal centers with carboxylate oxygen atoms is mainly ionic in nature due to large differences in electronegativity. The s-block elements can form low density frameworks which could increase the gas uptake capacity of small molecules. This work focuses on synthesis of new metal organic frameworks (MOFs) using s-block metals. Different types of the carboxylic ligands were utilized for synthesis of MOFs. Four new calcium or rubdium metal organic frameworks, [Ca3(btc)2(H2O)12] (1) and [Ca2(btc)(pzc)(H2O)3] (2) (btc=benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate, pzc = pyrazine-2- carboxylate), [Ca(Hbtc)(H2O)]•H2O (6), and [Rb(Hbdc)] (7) have been synthesized using the hydro/solvothermal method and have been characterized using X-ray diffraction, IR, UV-vis, TGA and fluorescence analysis. The structures of compounds 1, 6 and 7are three-dimensional frameworks while that of compound 2 is a double layered network.

Ultracold neutral atoms confined in optical dipole traps have important applications in quantum computation and information processing, quantum simulators of interacting-many-body systems and atomic frequency metrology. While optical dipole traps are powerful tools for cold atom experiments, the energy level structures of the trapped atoms are shifted by the trapping field, and it is important to characterize these shifts in order to accurately manipulate and control the quantum state of the system. In order to measure the light shifts, we have designed a system that allows us to reliably trap individual 87Rb atoms. A non-destructive detection technique is employed so that the trapped atoms can be continuously observed for over 100 seconds. Single atom spectroscopy, trap frequency measurements, and temperature measurements are performed on single atoms in a single focus trap and small number of atoms in a 1D optical lattice in order to characterize the trapping environment, the perturbed energy level structures, and the probe-induced heating. In the second part of the thesis, we demonstrate deterministic delivery of an array of individual atoms to an optical cavity and selective addressability of individual atoms in a 1D optical conveyor, which serves as a potential candidate for scalable quantum information processing. The experiment is extended to a dual lattice system coupled to a single cavity with the capability of independent lattice control and addressability. The mutual interactions of atoms in different lattices mediated by a common cavity field are demonstrated. A semi-classical model in the many-atom regime based on the Jaynes-Cummings model is developed to describe the system that is in good qualitative agreement with the data. This work provides a foundation for developing multi-qubit quantum information experiments with a dual lattice cavity system.

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Ce travail représente une contribution de l'étude des mécanismes de fixation des gaz par les métaux. Dans une première partie, théorique, nous avons étudié certains aspects de l'adsorption des gaz par les métaux. 1°) Aspect cinétique: Après avoir examiné les différentes théories existantes pour la cinétique d'adsorption, nous avons élaboré une théorie de synthèse. Elle a permis de classer et de compléter les hypothèses qui peuvent être retenues, notamment en ce qui concerne l'ordre des processus de fixation et de désorption par rapport aux sites d'absorption. Nous avons ainsi montré que la loi classique d'Elovich était un cas particulier de la loi générale d'adsorption, lorsque la désorption est négligeable. Il est apparu que les différentes équations obtenues étaient trop proches les unes des autres pour permettre à une étude expérimentale de préciser dans un cas donné les mécanismes mis en jeu. Cette étude a, en outre, permis de montrer que l'isotherme logarithmique de Temkin pouvait traduire une adsorption en plusieurs couches. 2°) Aspect structural: Nous avons établi une formule qui permet de calculer, à priori, à partir d'un modèle donné, le potentiel de double couche créé lors de l'adsorption. Cette formule plus précise que celle d'Helmoltz, a été testée sur plusieurs cas expérimentaux. Elle permet, inversement, à partir d'une valeur expérimentale du potentiel, de préciser la structure de la couche adsorbée. On a pu ainsi montrer que les liaisons adsorbat-adsorbant étaient très voisines des liaisons chimiques classiques, surtout en ce qui concerne les distances interatomiques, et les moments électriques des liaisons. Ces résultats ont conduit à une relation qui permet de calculer, dans certains cas simples, la chaleur initiale d'adsorption. Les valeurs obtenues sont comparées aux résultats expérimentaux. Les écarts enregistrés dans certains cas plus complexes ont pu être interprétés. 3°) Aspect dynamique : Nous avons étudié, à partir de la théorie des vitesses absolues, l'évolution dynamique d'une molécule de gaz diatomique au voisinage d'un métal. La méthode de calcul préconisée, appliquée au système hydrogène-sodium, a précisé le chemin suivi par la molécule d'hydrogène qui vient se fixer à la surface du sodium. Il apparaît nettement que la molécule d'hydrogène se dissocie à l'adsorption. Dans une deuxième partie, expérimentale, nous avons étudié le mécanisme de fixation de l'hydrogène par les métaux alcalins solides. Nous avons montré que les résultats obtenus pour le sodium, le potassium le rubidium et le césium, s'interprètent par l'intervention d'un mécanisme d'adsorption sur l'hydrure. Par contre, l'hydrogénation du lithium apparaît comme une véritable réaction, conduisant à des lois classiques en cinétique des réactions gaz-solide. La partie cubique de la courbe cinétique n'a pu être interprétée de façon rigoureuse, par contre, la partie linéaire qui la précède apparaît comme une cinétique de demi-réaction d'interface externe. La troisième partie a été consacrée, d'une part, à l'étude expérimentale de l'hydrogénation des métaux alcalins liquides à basse température, d'autre part, à l'étude théorique des perturbations apportées par l'état liquide du métal dans les réactions hétérogènes. On a ainsi fait intervenir la dissolution du produit formé qui modifie les régimes cinétiques de diffusion. On a montré que ce cas se produisait lors de la fixation de l'hydrogène par le sodium liquide. En définitive, nous avons mis en évidence l'extrême importance des phénomènes d'adsorption sur la cinétique des réactions hétérogènes gaz-métal. L'adsorption pouvant intervenir soit par sa cinétique (régime pur d'adsorption), soit par l'équilibre qu'elle crée à l'interface gaz-solide (autres régimes).

Suspensions of pancreatic islet cells from ob/ob-mice were incubated with Trypan Blue. Microscope photometry showed that apparently viable cells excluded the dye completely, whereas the nuclei of non-viable cells accumulated Trypan Blue by a saturable process. Alloxan rapidly increased the permeability of the plasma membrane in mouse 3-cells; the exclusion of Trypan Blue is a valid and useful measure of islet cell viability following alloxan exposure. The diabetogenic action of alloxan may be mediated by hydroxyl radicals. In several biological systems hydroxyl radicals are formed by an iron-catalyzed reaction between superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxide. To test whether this applies to alloxan diabetogenicity, the effects of superoxide dismutase, catalase, scavengers of hydroxyl radicals, and metal ion chelators were tested (a) in a cell-free radical-generating system and (b) on islets and islet-cells exposed to alloxan In vitro. The effect of longtime-circulating superoxide dismutase injected prior to alloxan was tested on mice in vivo. Luminol chemiluminescence was used to monitor alloxan-dependent radical production. Accumulation of 8^Rb+ and exclusion of Trypan Blue were used as cell viability criteria in isolated mouse islets and islet-cells. Blood glucose was determined to monitor the development of diabetes in living animals. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, scavengers of hydroxyl radicals, and metal ion chelators inhibited the alloxan-dependent chemiluminescence and decreased the toxic effects on Rb+ accumulation or Trypan Blue exclusion in islets and islet-cells. Superoxide dismutase, linked to polyethylene glycol and injected 12 hours before alloxan, largely prevented the development of alloxan diabetes. Alloxan toxicity _in vitro and in vivo seems to depend on the formation of superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide which in turn form the noxious hydroxyl radical via an iron-catalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction. As free radicals and hydrogen peroxide can be formed by other chemicals and during inflammation, and inflammation may accompany the outbreak of human diabetes, studies on the beneficiary effects of superoxide dismutase and other scavengers of free radicals in other forms of diabetes seem warranted. / <p>S. 1-38: sammanfattning, s. 39-74: Härtill 6 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

The 87Rb 49s->48s Rydberg state transition was rendered insensitive to electric field fluctuations about a 1V/cm dc electric field. This was accomplished by applying a non-resonant 38.445GHz microwave field to modify the electric dipole moment difference between the two states involved. This effect can be used to preserve the coherence of Rydberg state qubits in the presence of varying electric fields.

The 87Rb 49s->48s Rydberg state transition was rendered insensitive to electric field fluctuations about a 1V/cm dc electric field. This was accomplished by applying a non-resonant 38.445GHz microwave field to modify the electric dipole moment difference between the two states involved. This effect can be used to preserve the coherence of Rydberg state qubits in the presence of varying electric fields.

Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 2006.