Tese de mestrado. Engenharia de Segurança e Higiene Ocupacionais. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2009

A Biomecânica Ocupacional procura aprimorar as condições de trabalho objetivando prevenir e reduzir as lesões, aumentar o desempenho dos operários reduzindo sobrecargas. Pesquisas nesta área indicam que não apenas a manipulação de materiais pesados, mas também posturas pouco naturais e movimentos súbitos e inesperados provocam lesões no sistema osteomuscular que afetam principalmente o pescoço, membros superiores e região lombar. Alguns profissionais apresentam alto risco ao aparecimento desses distúrbios envolvendo principalmente os membros superiores e região lombar, particularmente os digitadores, operadores de caixa de supermercados, dentistas, motoristas profissionais e operadores de trens metropolitanos. Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a carga mecânica e a atividade muscular no membro superior esquerdo de maquinistas condutores de trens metropolitanos durante o trabalho. Especificamente, o estudo procurou estimar a carga mecânica sobre a articulação do ombro, avaliar a atividade muscular dos músculos tríceps e flexores do punho e verificar a ocorrência de fadiga muscular durante a realização da tarefa, para isto foram investigados o fator de risco relacionado a enfermidades dos membros superiores, o torque sobre a articulação do ombro e a freqüência mediana do sinal eletromiográfico. O método RULA indicou para atividade estudada um escore final quatro, que sugere mais investigações e mudanças podem ser requeridas, pois a postura adotada gera desconforto. O torque calculado sobre a articulação do ombro é aplicado por cerca da metade da jornada de trabalho e apresentou valor médio de -4,1 Nm com o manete na posição 0. A instauração de fadiga sobre os músculos Tríceps Braquial e flexores do punho não foi observada. Estudos futuros são recomendados para desenvolvimento de cabinas de trens metropolitanos com layout ergonômico e posicionamento de instrumentos que possibilite uma postura mais adequada dos operadores / Occupational biomechanics seeks to improve the conditions of work aiming to prevent and to reduce the injuries, to increase the performance of workers reducing overloads. Previous researches in this area indicate that not only handling the of heavy material, inadequate postures and unexpected and sudden movements provoke injuries in the musculoskeletal system that affect mainly the neck, upper limbs and the lumbar region. Some workers present high risk to the develop those disturbances involving mainly the upper limbs and the lumbar region, particularly the keyboarders, supermarket cashiers, dentists, professional drivers and operators metropolitan train. This study aimed to estimate the mechanical load and the muscular activity in the left upper limb of metropolitan train drivers during the work. Specifically, the study sought to estimate the mechanical load on the joint of the shoulder, evaluate the muscular activity of the muscles triceps and flexors of the wrist and verify the occurrence of muscular fatigue during the achievement of the task. For this purpose, it were investigated the risk factor related to the diseases of the upper limbs, the torque on the joint of the shoulder and the median frequency of the electromyographic signal. The method RULA indicated for activity a score final four, which suggests more investigations and changes may be required because the usual posture adopted generates discomfort. The calculated torque on the joint of the shoulder is applied by about half of the day at work and showed the average value of -4.1 Nm with the handle in position 0. The instauration of fatigue on the muscles Tríceps brachial the wrist flexor was not observed. Thus, future studies are recommended to the development of the metropolitan trains\' berths with ergonomic layout and positioning of instruments that enables an adequate posture of its users

Muzikantų kaulų ir raumenų sistemos sutrikimus gali lemti biomechaniniai, aplinkos, psichosocialiniai ir asmeninės rizikos faktoriai, su kuriais susiduriama profesinėje aplinkoje. Šie sutrikimai tarp muzikantų yra vadinami sutrikimai, susiję su grojimu (SSG). / The disorders of the musicians’ musculoskeletal system may be determined by the biomechanical, environmental, psychosocial and personal risk factors, which are encountered in the professional environment. These disorders are called playing-related disorders (PRD) among the musicians.

A Biomecânica Ocupacional procura aprimorar as condições de trabalho objetivando prevenir e reduzir as lesões, aumentar o desempenho dos operários reduzindo sobrecargas. Pesquisas nesta área indicam que não apenas a manipulação de materiais pesados, mas também posturas pouco naturais e movimentos súbitos e inesperados provocam lesões no sistema osteomuscular que afetam principalmente o pescoço, membros superiores e região lombar. Alguns profissionais apresentam alto risco ao aparecimento desses distúrbios envolvendo principalmente os membros superiores e região lombar, particularmente os digitadores, operadores de caixa de supermercados, dentistas, motoristas profissionais e operadores de trens metropolitanos. Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a carga mecânica e a atividade muscular no membro superior esquerdo de maquinistas condutores de trens metropolitanos durante o trabalho. Especificamente, o estudo procurou estimar a carga mecânica sobre a articulação do ombro, avaliar a atividade muscular dos músculos tríceps e flexores do punho e verificar a ocorrência de fadiga muscular durante a realização da tarefa, para isto foram investigados o fator de risco relacionado a enfermidades dos membros superiores, o torque sobre a articulação do ombro e a freqüência mediana do sinal eletromiográfico. O método RULA indicou para atividade estudada um escore final quatro, que sugere mais investigações e mudanças podem ser requeridas, pois a postura adotada gera desconforto. O torque calculado sobre a articulação do ombro é aplicado por cerca da metade da jornada de trabalho e apresentou valor médio de -4,1 Nm com o manete na posição 0. A instauração de fadiga sobre os músculos Tríceps Braquial e flexores do punho não foi observada. Estudos futuros são recomendados para desenvolvimento de cabinas de trens metropolitanos com layout ergonômico e posicionamento de instrumentos que possibilite uma postura mais adequada dos operadores / Occupational biomechanics seeks to improve the conditions of work aiming to prevent and to reduce the injuries, to increase the performance of workers reducing overloads. Previous researches in this area indicate that not only handling the of heavy material, inadequate postures and unexpected and sudden movements provoke injuries in the musculoskeletal system that affect mainly the neck, upper limbs and the lumbar region. Some workers present high risk to the develop those disturbances involving mainly the upper limbs and the lumbar region, particularly the keyboarders, supermarket cashiers, dentists, professional drivers and operators metropolitan train. This study aimed to estimate the mechanical load and the muscular activity in the left upper limb of metropolitan train drivers during the work. Specifically, the study sought to estimate the mechanical load on the joint of the shoulder, evaluate the muscular activity of the muscles triceps and flexors of the wrist and verify the occurrence of muscular fatigue during the achievement of the task. For this purpose, it were investigated the risk factor related to the diseases of the upper limbs, the torque on the joint of the shoulder and the median frequency of the electromyographic signal. The method RULA indicated for activity a score final four, which suggests more investigations and changes may be required because the usual posture adopted generates discomfort. The calculated torque on the joint of the shoulder is applied by about half of the day at work and showed the average value of -4.1 Nm with the handle in position 0. The instauration of fatigue on the muscles Tríceps brachial the wrist flexor was not observed. Thus, future studies are recommended to the development of the metropolitan trains\' berths with ergonomic layout and positioning of instruments that enables an adequate posture of its users

Das Menschmodell MANIKIN bietet dem Anwender neue Möglichkeiten in der Analyse des arbeitstechnischen Umfeldes in der bekannten Pro/ENGINEER Umgebung. Dazu kann auf eine anthropometrische Datenbank zurückgegriffen werden. Neben einfachen Analysen, wie Reichweite und Sichtfenster, steht auch ein umfangreiches Angebot an Ergonomie-Analysen zur Untersuchung von Arbeitsprozessen zur Verfügung. Diese basieren auf den bekannten Grundlagen wie RULA, SNOOK und NIOSH91. Weiterhin ist das Modell gut zur Animation von Menschen bzw. Mensch-Maschine-Interaktionen geeignet, wobei hier ein spezielles Wissen über den Aufbau und den Einsatz von Körpersperrbedingungen zuträglich ist.

In Virtual Reality (VR), the body is often used as input in VR, having a healthy working posture is important for long session in VR. To assess how severe different interaction methods are for the body, user tests was done in VR. 14 people participated and tested six manipulation controls which operate in different ways. Their hands' and neck's position and orientation was measured throughout the test, and from this data characteristic body postures for each control setup was chosen. These were evaluated with RULA. How great the wrist angle is can have an effect on the severity of the posture. Also whether or not the arm is to the side or across the midpoint of the body should be taken into consideration.When accounting for both the hands and neck, one of these have to come outside their comfortable zone if the hands are supposed to be seen by the user in VR.

The diploma thesis is focused on the ergonomic analysis of selected workplaces in the company TRUNN, s.r.o. The theoretical part of the thesis contains a summary of basic knowledge in the field of ergonomics, which are then applied in the practical part of the thesis. The practical part of the work includes a description of the current state of workplaces and evaluation of jobs using the methods described in the theoretical part. Based on the evaluation, own recommendations and suggestions are made on how to adjust the jobs. The aim of the diploma thesis is to provide workers with a suitable workplace that meets ergonomic requirements.

The Master’s thesis addresses the issue of ergonomics. The aim of the diploma thesis is to analyze the current ergonomic state of the production line with the subsequent detection of ergonomic risks, the use of various assessment methods and comparison with legislative requirements. After defining the deficiencies, corrective actions are proposed, leading to their elimination and reduction of work intensity. The ergonomic analysis was performed within Tyco Electronics Czech s.r.o. The analytical part follows up on, in depth, the theoretical part of the work, where all its aspects are listed in addition to the introduction of ergonomics as a scientific discipline.

The diploma thesis is focused on the analysis of the power tools ergonomics and also on the economic impact on a sick employee in the Czech Republic. It presents the results of the characteristics of hand tools in terms of their design, usage positions and handling. It introduces current legislation and ergonomic methods, including the newly designed visual tool AAL. The tool enables ergonomic analysis of positional rotation of the limbs, torso and neck, including the input of strength and muscle parameters. AAL is integrated into Excel software with the possibility of integrating data from Rhinoceros software and the Grasshopper module, which automatically generates data. The analysis is based on 3D scans of 144 power tools that are divided into 11 groups. It analyzes 13 typical diseases and their economic impacts. From an economic point of view, the costs per sick employee are almost 57% higher compared to a healthy employee. The author's design of the ergonomic part of the tool is also part of the thesis.

Das Menschmodell MANIKIN bietet dem Anwender neue Möglichkeiten in der Analyse des arbeitstechnischen Umfeldes in der bekannten Pro/ENGINEER Umgebung. Dazu kann auf eine anthropometrische Datenbank zurückgegriffen werden. Neben einfachen Analysen, wie Reichweite und Sichtfenster, steht auch ein umfangreiches Angebot an Ergonomie-Analysen zur Untersuchung von Arbeitsprozessen zur Verfügung. Diese basieren auf den bekannten Grundlagen wie RULA, SNOOK und NIOSH91. Weiterhin ist das Modell gut zur Animation von Menschen bzw. Mensch-Maschine-Interaktionen geeignet, wobei hier ein spezielles Wissen über den Aufbau und den Einsatz von Körpersperrbedingungen zuträglich ist.