This study compared bone mineral index (BMI, gm/cm²) of the femur, spine, and radius, measured by photon absorptiometry in various groups of eumenorrheic female athletes. The sample included body builders (11), swimmers (13), runners (5 collegiate, 11 recreational), and inactive controls (18) averaging 25 years of age, ranging from 17 to 38 years. Lumbar vertebral BMI for body builders (1.40 gm/cm²) was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) greater than controls (1.25 gm/cm²). The body builders' femoral neck BMI (1.09 gm/cm²) was significantly greater than swimmers (0.97 gm/cm², recreational runners and controls (0.95 gm/cm²). Years of exercise history and calcium consumption were not significant predictors of BMI. Correlation coefficients between fat-free body and all BMI sites were significant and more closely related to bone mineral than other variables (weight, height, weight/height²). Correlation coefficients for proximal and distal radius BMI and femoral and spine BMI were significant, the distal radius having higher association.

The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in maximal oxygen consumption and cardiorespiratory responses to maximal treadmill exercise of men, who engaged in intense physical training for more than 35-years. Thirteen men were first studied in 1969 and were re-examined in 1992 as a 25-year follow-up. The men were divided into two groups, group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2). G1 (current age = 54.6 years) consisted of seven men who were Division I cross country runners in the late 1960's, and G2 (current age = 67.5 years) were highly active at the initial testing and were 14 years older than the men of G1 at all test dates. A maximal exercise test revealed a significant decrease in absolute and realtiveVO2ma, over the 35-years for both G1 and G2. G2 experienced a significant decline in VO2max when expressed in relative and absolute terms after the age of 56.5 years which occurred after the 25-year test. Maximal heat rate decreased over the 35-year period for both G1 (187.7 to 165.8 bpm) and G2 (181 to 164.7bpm), however only GI revealed a trend between the 25-and 35-year tests. O2pulse significantly decreased from the initial testing to the 35-year period in G2 (23.1 to 19.5 ml/beat). Body composition changes were evident with aging in that both GI and G2 had a significant increase in percent body fat over the 35-years however, only Gl had a significant increase in body weight at both the 25-and 35-year follow-up.These data suggest that aging and a reduced training regimen may have a significant effect upon VO2m and cardiorespiratory and body composition measures. It appears that after the age of 56 years, a greater reduction in VO2max occurs, which is accompanied by greater changes in stroke volume. Although the aerobic capacity of these men declined over the 35-year period, the values obtained by all men far exceeded the values reported for sedentary and less active men in other studies. Therefore, as previously reported, aging is associated with a reduction in aerobic capacity, however continued endurance training can reduce the rate at which aerobic capacity declines. / Fisher Institute for Wellness and Gerontology

Chan Oi Wan = 運動前進食不同血糖指數食物及運動中補充碳水化合物飲料對長跑能力的影響 / 陳靄允. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-91). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chan Oi Wan = Yun dong qian jin shi bu tong xue tang zhi shu shi wu ji yun dong zhong bu chong tan shui hua he wu yin liao dui chang pao neng li de ying xiang / Chen Aiyun. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.ix / List of Tables --- p.x / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Purpose --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Significance of the Study --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Review of Literature --- p.6 6 / Chapter 2.1 --- "Energy Metabolism during Prolonged, Submaximal Exercise" --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Importance of Nutrition on Exercise Performance --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Application of GI --- p.20 / Chapter CHAPTER Three --- Methodology --- p.36 / Chapter 3.1 --- General Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2 --- Preliminary Testing --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3 --- Subjects --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4 --- Experimental Design --- p.46 / Chapter 3.5 --- Procedures --- p.47 / Chapter 3.6 --- Prescribed Meals --- p.50 / Chapter 3.7 --- Prescribed CHO-electrolyte Drink --- p.50 / Chapter 3.8 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.51 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Results --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1 --- Dietary Analysis --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2 --- Running Performance --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3 --- Blood Metabolites --- p.53 / Chapter 4.4 --- Metabolic Responses --- p.60 / Chapter 4.5 --- Subjective Responses and Heart Rates Responses --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Discussion --- p.64 / Recommendations and Applications --- p.70 / References --- p.72 / Appendices --- p.95

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of eating disorder symptoms and differences in exercise motivations in female distance runners at various exercise investment levels. One hundred and seven distance runners, aged 19 to 59 years, who run a minimum of five kilometers, three times per week, were asked to complete three questionnaires. The runners across exercise investment levels were not found to differ in Eating Disorder Inventory sub-scale scores. They differed from college women only in exhibiting fewer symptoms on Drive for Thinness (p < .05), Body Dissatisfaction (p < .001), and Interoceptive Awareness (p < .001). Significant differences in the Exercise Orientation Questionnaire sub-scale scores were found between the least and most exercise-invested runners with the latter scoring significantly higher on Exercise Orientation (P < .0001), Identity (p < .004), and Competition (p < .002). It was concluded that while eating disorder symptoms among female distance runners at various investment levels are no different, exercise motivations are different across levels of exercise.

Access to abstract permanently restricted to Ball State community only / Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

The purpose of this study is to determine physiological adaptations in trained male high-school runners before and after high-intensity training associated with a crosscountry season. Testing occurred on five separate occasions at the Human Performance Laboratory. After the first familiarization session, the subjects performed a treadmill graded exercise test in which maximal oxygen consumption and ventilatory threshold was measured. Submaximal oxygen consumption and blood lactate concentration at three running speeds (10, 12, and 14 km'hf 1 at 0% grade) was determined in a second testing session. After the cross-country season (13 weeks) the subjects returned to the laboratory and performed the same graded exercise and submaximal exercise tests. VO2max significantly increased, VT tended to increased, however, not significant. There were no changes in submaximal economy or lactate except for significant decline in blood lactate at 14 km hf' . Although these variables are associated with endurance performance in adults, there is very little information available regarding the effects of endurance training on these variables in the adolescent age group. Knowing the extent of the adaptations will help to optimize the training programs for age group. / School of Physical Education

In an attempt to determine the extent to which well-trained endurance athletes practice the dietary recommendations for maximizing muscle glycogen resynthesis, twenty-four collegiate cross-country runners (14 males and 10 females) were chosen as subjects. The athletes kept four-day food and activity records during both a training and competitive period in the regular season. Energy intake was shown to be adequate in both phases. Total calories from carbohydrate, primarily complex, were found to be inadequate (<60%) for male runners and desirable (>60%) for females. Approximately 50% or less of the time carbohydrate was ingested immediately post-exercise, with even far less taken in suggested quantities (-1 g CHO/kg body weight). While the male athletes consumed primarily a combined solid and liquid form of carbohydrate immediately post-exercise, the females chose solid sources. Cereals and other breads were the most popular types of carbohydrate chosen immediately following exercise, in addition to commercial sports drinks/bars which were frequently ingested. An even more unfavorable trend in the distance runners was the infrequency of additional carbohydrate being ingested at two hour intervals following exercise. There were no significant differences in dietary trends between training and competitive phases. Overall these endurance athletes were not practicing the recommended feeding regimen for optimal muscle glycogen restoration. / Department of Home Economics

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of 20 years of distance running training on the morphological and functional characteristics of skeletal muscle. Sixty men (current age = 49.2 ± 2.4 yr.) were first studied between 1966-1974 when they were all highly trained. Based on their training regimens in the interim between testing, subjects were described as highly trained (HI), fitness trained (FIT) or untrained (UT). Gastrocnemius muscle biopsy samples revealed an increase (p<0.05) in the proportion of type I fibers of the FIT (52.9 ± 5.3 vs. 61.9 ± 5.2%) and UT (56.3 ± 2.9 vs. 65.4 ± 3.8%) groups, while the HI group, who was initially characterized by a high percentage (>70%) of type I muscle fibers, was unchanged. Among the elite distance runners who had continued high volume, high intensity running, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and type I and type II muscle fiber areas were similar between evaluations. In 1993, the HI group had higher (p<0.05) SDH and citrate synthase (CS) activities compared with the FIT and UT groups, whereas phosphorylase activity did not differ. Capillary density and capillary-to-fiber ratio were also greater (p<0.05) in the HI group compared with the other two groups. Isokinetic plantar flexion strength at 60°/s and 180°/s and cross-sectional area (CT scans) of the lower leg (gastrocnemius and soleus) were similar among groups. These data suggest that aging may have a significant effect upon the distribution of muscle fibers and may be dependent upon fiber composition as a young adult. In addition, sustained endurance training appears to maintain the oxidative characteristics of the skeletal muscle, but does not provide an advantage in absolute calf muscle strength compared with individuals who train considerably less or not at all. / School of Physical Education

Thesis (M. A.)--University of Canterbury, 2008. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-107). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Washington University, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [57]-65). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.