Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to identify a deep-water running (DWR) style that most closely approximates terrestrial running. Methods: Twenty healthy male and female intercollegiate (NCAA III) distance runners were videotaped from the right sagittal view while running on a treadmill (TR) and in deep water at 55-60% of their TR VO₂[subscript max] using each of four DWR styles: shod cross-country (SCC), barefoot cross-country (BCC), shod high-knee (SHK), and barefoot high-knee (BHK). All biomechanical data were digitized and analyzed using the Peak Motus® system. Physiological variables of interest were oxygen consumption (V0₂), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Biomechanical variables of interest were horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) displacement of the knee and ankle, and stride rate (SR). An ANOVA with repeated measures was utilized to ascertain the differences across styles. The alpha significance level was set at .05, and a post hoc pairwise analysis was conducted with a Bonferonni adjustment of the alpha level. Results: Omnibus significant differences were found for all physiological variables: VO₂ (p<.025), HR (p<.042), RPE (p<.000). However, the post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed that only TR vs. SHK V0₂ (p<.005), and the RPE responses for treadmill vs. all DWR styles exhibited significant differences (p<.000-.002). Omnibus tests for biomechanical variables exhibited statistical significance. The post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences in SR (p<.000) between TR (1.25 ± .08 Hz) and all DWR styles and also between the CC and HK styles of DWR (SCC: 0.78 ± .08 Hz, BCC: 0.81 ± .08 Hz, SHK: 1.13 ± .10 Hz, BHK: 1.14 ± .10 Hz). The CC style of DWR was found to be similar to TR with respect to linear ankle displacement, whereas the HK style was significantly different from TR in all but two of the 16 comparisons made for ankle and knee displacement. Conclusion: The CC style of DWR is recommended as an adjunct to distance running training if the goal is to mimic the ankle linear horizontal displacement of land-based running. However, if the goal is to mimic SR, the HK style is a closer approximation than the CC style. / Graduation date: 2004

Access to abstract permanently restricted to Ball State community only / Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

This study evaluated the training adaptations in female adolescent cross-country runners over two training seasons. Although the effects of endurance training in this population are understood, the specific adaptations resulting from pre-season and in-season training are not clear. The physiological changes occurring over these two training seasons in 10 female runners (15.7 ± 0.8 yrs, 165.6 ± 5.6 cm, 53.8 ± 6.1 kg) were assessed. Maximal exercise responses were measured during a continuous graded exercise test and submaximal exercise responses were quantified at 7 and 8 mph. Isokinetic muscle strength was assessed at four movement speeds (60-240°/sec) and muscle power was calculated using vertical jump height. Body composition also was assessed. HR at maximal and submaximal exercise declined during pre-season training and then increased during in-season training. Blood lactate [BLa] measurements at 7 and 8 mph decreased following summer training. Whole body bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density, and femoral head BMC increased. In conclusion, it appears that high volume, low intensity training lowers [BLa] with no corresponding change in oxygen utilization in highly trained female adolescents. Running also appears to have a positive impact on bone mass in female adolescents. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science