Thesis (Ph. D., Education)--University of Idaho, December 2007. / Major professor: Dennis Dolny. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-93). Also available online (PDF file) by subscription or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Illinois University. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 37-38).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 137 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.(Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2002. / Summary in English and Afrikaans. Includes bibliographical references.

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to identify a deep-water running (DWR) style that most closely approximates terrestrial running. Methods: Twenty healthy male and female intercollegiate (NCAA III) distance runners were videotaped from the right sagittal view while running on a treadmill (TR) and in deep water at 55-60% of their TR VO₂[subscript max] using each of four DWR styles: shod cross-country (SCC), barefoot cross-country (BCC), shod high-knee (SHK), and barefoot high-knee (BHK). All biomechanical data were digitized and analyzed using the Peak Motus® system. Physiological variables of interest were oxygen consumption (V0₂), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Biomechanical variables of interest were horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) displacement of the knee and ankle, and stride rate (SR). An ANOVA with repeated measures was utilized to ascertain the differences across styles. The alpha significance level was set at .05, and a post hoc pairwise analysis was conducted with a Bonferonni adjustment of the alpha level. Results: Omnibus significant differences were found for all physiological variables: VO₂ (p<.025), HR (p<.042), RPE (p<.000). However, the post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed that only TR vs. SHK V0₂ (p<.005), and the RPE responses for treadmill vs. all DWR styles exhibited significant differences (p<.000-.002). Omnibus tests for biomechanical variables exhibited statistical significance. The post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences in SR (p<.000) between TR (1.25 ± .08 Hz) and all DWR styles and also between the CC and HK styles of DWR (SCC: 0.78 ± .08 Hz, BCC: 0.81 ± .08 Hz, SHK: 1.13 ± .10 Hz, BHK: 1.14 ± .10 Hz). The CC style of DWR was found to be similar to TR with respect to linear ankle displacement, whereas the HK style was significantly different from TR in all but two of the 16 comparisons made for ankle and knee displacement. Conclusion: The CC style of DWR is recommended as an adjunct to distance running training if the goal is to mimic the ankle linear horizontal displacement of land-based running. However, if the goal is to mimic SR, the HK style is a closer approximation than the CC style. / Graduation date: 2004

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 29-39).

Thesis (M.S.)--Slippery Rock University, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 43-48). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.S.)--Slippery Rock University, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 43-48). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is the most common type of chronic inflammatory arthritis (Thompson, 1998). When appropriately prescribed, therapeutic exercise is useful in the care of patients with RA (Semble et aI., 1990). A pre-test - post-test randomized groups design was adopted for the study to compare the effects of a land- and water-based exercise programme in RA patients. A total of ten subjects, diagnosed with RA functional class I or II according to Steinbrocker, were assigned to either a group performing water-based exercises (W, n=4), a group performing land-based exercises (L, n=4), or a control group, who were requested to continue with their present sedentary lifestyle (C, n=2). For inclusion in the study, subjects were required to be on stable medication. Categories of dependent variables measured, were disease activity, haematology, functional and psychological status as well as physical status. There was a reduction in total swollen and tender joint counts in both experimental groups, but not the control group. The reduction was greater in group W than group L. Total tender joint count (DC) decreased by 53% (p<0.1O) and the total swollen joint count (SJC) decreased by 31% (p>0.05) in group W. In group L, the total TIC decreased by 4,7% (p>0.05) and the total SIC decreased by 8,5% (p>0.05). The haematological values remained globally unchanged in all three groups concerning the hemolglobin (Hb) values. There were changes in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in the groups, however changes were not significant (p>0.05). The ESR decreased by 29% in group Wand by 33% in group C. There was a slight increase in group L's ESR (11,9%) but values remained within the normal range. There was an improvement in the patients self-assessed disability and psychological status in the experimental groups while there was a deterioration in the control group's. Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) scores improved by 15% in group W (p>0.05), 18% in group L (p>0.05) and deteriorated by 13% in group C (p>0.05). There was no change in the total Profile of Mood States (POMS) score of the control group, however, significant (p<0.05) improvements were observed in the experimental groups. There was a 163% improvement in group L's and a 990/0 improvement in group W's affective states. As far as physical condition is concerned, in genera~ there was an improvement in group Wand group L's physical condition, while there was no improvements noted in group C. Group W showed the following changes in physical condition: Body mass decreased by 9,2% (p>0.05). Mean blood pressure values remained unchanged. 50-ft walk time improved by 18% (p<0.05). Right and left grip strength increased by 18% and 35% respectively, (p<0.05). Absolute VO2max increased by 28% and relative VO2max increased by 30% (p<0.05). Right knee flexor strength increased by 43% (p<0.05) and left knee flexor strength by 24% (p>0.05). Increases in right and left knee extensor strength were 32% (p>0.05) and 34% (p>0.05) respectively. Improvement in joint mobility was also noted. There was a significant (p<0.05) improvement in both right and left wrist extension range of motion(ROM). Right wrist extension ROM improved by 49% and left wrist extension ROM improved by 31%. Improvements were also noted in wrist flexion ROM however changes were not significant (p>0.05). There was an 12% and 19% increase in right and left wrist flexion ROM respectively. In addition, there was a 12% (p<0.05) increase in right knee flexion ROM and a 14% increase in left knee flexion ROM (p<0.05). Mean body mass and blood pressure remained unchanged. 50-ft walk test time improved by 15% (p<0.05). Right and left grip strength increased by 4,8% and 16.1% respectively (p>0.05). Relative VO2max increased by 16.6% and absolute VO2max by 31% (p<0.05). Right knee flexor strength increased by 22.1% and left knee flexor strength by 23.8% (p>O.05). Increase in right and left knee extensor strength was 9% and 2,4% respectively (p>O.05). Right wrist extension ROM increased by 20.7% and left wrist extension ROM increased by 15,7% (p>0.05). There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in left wrist flexion (7,6%), but right wrist flexion ROM decreased by 2.6% (p>0.05). Improvements in right and left knee flexion ROM were also significant (p<0.05), 9,2% and 7,4%, respectively. Group C showed the following changes in physical condition: Mean body mass increased by 2% (p>O.05), while blood pressure and 50-ft walk time remained globally unchanged. Left grip strength decreased by 16% (p>O.05) and right grip strength remained the same. Although not significant (p>O.05), there was a 11% decrease in relative VO2max and a 6,7% decrease in absolute VO2max. Muscle strength also showed deterioration in group C. Right and left knee flexor strength decreased by 1,8% and 12%, respectively (p>0.05). Left knee extensor strength remained unchanged while right knee extensor strength decreased by 9,7% (p>0.05). Right wrist extension ROM decreased by 4.7% and left wrist extension ROM increased by 6.7%, although the increase was not significant (p>O.05). While right wrist flexion ROM decreased by 1,3% and left wrist flexion ROM decreased by 21% (p>0.05). There were no significant (p>O.05) changes in group C's right and left knee flexion ROM. Right knee flexion ROM decreased by 1,2% and left knee flexion ROM increased by 1,2%. Based on the above results of the study, both exercise interventions are beneficial in the treatment of RA. Appropriate land-based exercises do not appear to enhance disease activity, however, the water-based exercise programme was superior in controlling the disease activity. Further research is required, using larger samples and evaluating the long-term effects of various exercise interventions. / Dissertation (MA (Human Movement Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

A hidroginástica tem sido indicada para melhora em diversas capacidades físicas. Nesta modalidade podem ser realizados exercícios aeróbios, de força, além da combinação de exercícios aeróbios e de força para a adaptação em ambas as capacidades. No entanto, sobre o treinamento de força na hidroginástica, poucos são os estudos que avaliam as respostas agudas em relação aos modelos de treinamento utilizados e nenhum analisou a teoria da prescrição do treinamento de força no meio aquático baseada nos princípios das rotas metabólicas. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar as respostas cinemáticas e neuromusculares entre diferentes estratégias de treinamento de força em dois exercícios de hidroginástica realizados por mulheres jovens. Quinze mulheres (23,13±3,04 anos) realizaram os exercícios de flexão e extensão de joelho e cotovelo nas três estratégias de treinamento de força no meio aquático: duas séries de 30 segundos, três séries de 20 segundos e seis séries de 10 segundos, cuja a ordem foi randomizada. A análise cinemática foi realizada através de uma filmagem subaquática e a atividade neuromuscular através da eletromiografia de superfície, durante toda a execução dos exercícios. Além disso, foi realizado o teste de contração isométrica voluntária máxima (CVM) antes e depois do protocolo de exercícios para obter um valor de referência da amplitude do sinal eletromiográfico e para verificar se houve fadiga muscular. O teste ANOVA para medidas repetidas com post-hoc de Bonferroni foi utilizado para a comparação das variáveis cinemáticas e neuromusculares entre as diferentes estratégias e para as comparações entre as séries de 20 segundos e 10 segundos. Foi utilizado um teste t pareado para as comparações das variáveis cinemáticas e neuromusculares entre as séries de 30 segundos e para a comparação da CVM pré e pós protocolo (α=0,05). Os resultados da CVM realizadas antes e após o protocolo de exercícios não apresentaram diferença significativa, somente para a força do músculo reto femoral que demonstrou uma queda nos valores. Em relação a velocidade angular média (VAM) na comparação entre as estratégias, a estratégia 2x30s demonstrou valores significativamente menores que a estratégia 6x10s, tanto no exercício de membro superior como no de membro inferior. Já na comparação entre as séries não houve diferença significativa em nenhuma das estratégias em ambos exercícios. A velocidade angular de pico (VAP) também apresentou diferença significativa entre as estratégias no exercício de membro superior, no entanto, o post hoc de Bonferroni não identificou onde foi essa diferença. Já para o membro inferior não houve diferença entre as estratégias. Na comparação entre as séries, a VAP apresentou uma manutenção dos valores ao longo das séries. A amplitude de movimento (ADM) apresentou uma manutenção dos valores tanto no exercício de membro superior como no de membro inferior em todas as comparações. O número de repetições apresentou diferença significativa entre as estratégias: a estratégia 2x30s apresentou valores significativamente menores que a estratégia 6x10s no exercício de membro superior. Já para o membro inferior não houve diferença entre as estratégias. Na comparação entre as séries, o número de repetições apresentou uma manutenção dos valores ao longo das séries. Para as variáveis neuromusculares, não foi encontrado diferença significativa em nenhum músculo analisado tanto na comparação entre as estratégias, como na comparação entre as séries nos dois exercícios realizados. Conclui-se que com o fracionamento das séries é possível alcançar maiores velocidades de execução e desta forma o presente estudo serve como base para a teoria da prescrição do treinamento de força no meio aquático baseada nos princípios das rotas metabólicas. / Water-based physical training has been indicated for the improvement of several physical abilities. In this modality, many aerobic and resistance exercises can be performed, as also a combination of both aerobic and resistance exercises can be performed for the adaptation in both abilities. However, regarding water-based resistance training, there are few studies evaluating the acute responses in relation to the models of physical training used, and none has analyzed the theory of resistance exercise prescription in the aquatic environment based on the principles of the metabolic routes. In this way, the aim of the present study was to compare the kinematic and neuromuscular responses between different strategies of resistance training in two water-based exercises in young women. Fifteen women (23.13±3.04 years) performed the exercises knee and elbow flexion and extension in three strategies of water-based resistance training: two series of 30 seconds, three series of 20 seconds and six series of 10 seconds, in a randomized order. The kinematic analysis was conducted with an underwater filming and the neuromuscular activity was performed through surface electromyography during the whole execution of the exercises. In addition, the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) test was performed before and after the exercises protocol for obtaining a reference value of the electomyography signal amplitude and to verify if there was muscle fatigue. ANOVA for repeated measures test with post-hoc of Bonferroni were used for the comparison of the kinematic and neuromuscular variables between the different strategies and for the comparisons between 20 and 10 seconds. Paired t test was used for the comparisons of the kinematic and neuromuscular variables between the series of 30 seconds and for the comparison of the MVC before and after the protocol (α=0.05). The results of the MVC performed before and after the exercises protocol did not show a significant difference, only for the strength of the rectus femoris muscle, which demonstrated lower values. In relation to the mean angular velocity (MAV), in the comparison between strategies, the 2x30s strategy demonstrated significantly lower values than the 6x10s strategy for both upper and lower limbs exercises. On the other hand, in the comparison between series there was no significant difference in none of the strategies for both exercises. Peak angular velocity (PAV) also presented significant difference between the strategies in the upper limb exercise, however, the Bonferroni post hoc test did not identify were this difference was. Regarding lower limb, there was no difference between strategies. In the comparison between series, the PAV presented maintenance of the values throughout the series. The amplitude of movement (AOM) showed maintenance of the values in both upper and lower limbs exercises in all comparisons. The number of repetitions presented significant difference between the strategies: 2x30s strategy showed significantly lower values than 6x10s strategy for the upper limb exercise. For the lower limb, there was no difference between strategies. In the comparison between series, the number of repetitions presented maintenance of the values throughout the series. For the neuromuscular variables, a significant difference was not found in none of the muscles analyzed in the comparison between strategies, as in the comparison between sets in the two exercises analyzed. It is concluded that, with the fractionation of exercise series, it is possible to accomplish higher velocities of execution and thus the present study serves as basis for the theory of water-based resistance exercise prescription in aquatic environment based on the metabolic routes principles.