Kranlaster som verkar på kranbanor varierar med tiden och kan inte behandlas som statiska laster, detta gör att en statisk beräkning inte är tillräckligt säker, därför bör kranbalkar utformas på så sett att den klarar av statiska såväl som dynamiska kranlaster. Arbetet valdes efter förstudier som gjordes på internet för att få grundläggande kunskap om ämnet. Informationen söktes på svenska, engelska och tyska för att kunna hitta relevanta och pålitliga källor som behandlar traverskranbanor enligt eurokod. Tack vare råd från Björn Åsted från Stålbyggnadsinstitutet (SBI), kunde en bok på tyska hittas. För att kunna jämföra resultaten används ett svenskt program CraneGirder EC3 under arbetet. Rapporten innehåller en beräkningsmodell för en valsad profil balk, beräkningar baserades på eurokod ekvationer och föreskrifter vilket var som dimensionerings underlag för arbetet. I denna rapport hänvisas hur en kranbana skall dimensioneras med hög utnyttjandegrad, ett antal kontroller gjordes för att säkerställa att balken och dess detaljer, såsom räl och svets är säkert utformade mot utmattning och deformation. Dimensioneringen utgick ifrån lastberäkningar för traverskranen. Handberäkningar visade hur olika kranlaster kan kombineras i lastgrupper för att åstadkomma högsta inverkan på balken, handberäknings resultat visade att HEB 280 och dimensioneringen dominerades enbart av lastgrupp 1 och 5. Med hjälp av beräkningsprogram stämde resultaten i hög grad överens med programmet men med några avvikelser. För den avgränsningen som antogs i arbetet verkade utmattningen inte ha en dominerande inverkan. / Crane Loads acts on runways which varies with time and cannot be treated as static loads, this allows that the static estimation is not secure enough, therefore the crane runways should be designed in such terms that it can handle static as well as dynamic crane loads. The work was chosen after feasibility studies which were made on the internet to get basic knowledge on the subject. The information was sought in Swedish, English and German in order to find relevant and reliable sources which deal with overhead crane runway according to Eurocode. Thanks to advice from Björn Åsted from the Steel Construction Institute (SBI), a book in German was found. In order to compare the results, a Swedish software CraneGirder EC3 was used during the project. The report contains a calculation method for a rolled section girder, calculations were based on Eurocode equations and regulations which were the design basis for the project. The report refer to how a crane runway must be designed with a high utilization level, a number of controls were made to ensure that the beam and its details, such as rail and welding are surely designed to fatigue and deformation. The design was based on load calculations for the overhead crane. Traditional calculations showed how different crane loads can be combined in load groups to achieve the highest impact on the beam, calculations showed that HEB 280 and dimensioning dominated only by load group 1 and 5. With the help of calculation software the results were largely consistent with the program but with some differences. For the delimitation that was assumed in the project the fatigue seemed to have an effect especially on some small details like weld.

No description available.

The diploma thesis deals with the design and assessment of the steel supporting structure of the production hall. The transverse dimension of the hall is 21,00 m, the longitudinal dimension is 70,00 m, the height of the hall is 17,56 m. S355 steel is used as the main supporting material. The supporting part of the hall consists of columns on which is placed a truss and two crane tracks at two height levels. Three different types of purlins and pillars are considered in the design of the steel structure. For the selected variant, a static calculation of the main bearing elements, including selected details, is drawn up and drawings are drawn up.

In this essay one has been investigating some of the reasons why aviation incidents take place and also examine what strategies there are to minimize the risks - primarily regarding miscommunication which often seems to be a contributing element or a direct cause in aviation mishaps. The aim of this study is to highlight and raise awareness about this field of study from a communicative point of view.The study has been performed using qualitative interviews with pilots, Air Traffic Controllers and other professionals within the aviation industry. The research has been somewhat hampered by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic but not to an extent that would have corrupted the findings.The key results have indicated that miscommunication still is a problem in the aviation industry, but less so on the local national stage than in a global perspective. Two particular occurrences that have been given extra attention are runway incursions and the use of Controller Pilot Data-Link Communications.One has established that there are technical systems available on the market to improve communication performance and that runway incursion is a problem that grows with the complexity of the airport environment. One has also been made aware of the fact that human factors can only be mitigated so far with technology. The principal question has been: How can Miscommunication in Aviation be reduced? / I denna uppsats har vi tittat på några av de bakomliggande orsakerna till att incidenter fortfarande sker inom trafikflyget samt undersökt vilka strategier som föreligger för att minimera dessa risker - primärt pga felkommunikation vilken ofta tenderar att vara en bakomliggande eller direkt utlösande faktor i flygolyckor. Syftet med denna studie är att uppmärksamma och öka medvetenheten om dessa fenomen från en kommunikativ synvinkel.Studien har genomförts medelst en kvalitativ intervjumetod med piloter, flygledare och andra initierade yrkesgrupper inom flygindustrin. Forskningen har hämmats något pga utbrottet av COVID-19 pandemin men inte i en sådan omfattning att resultatet har förvanskats.De huvudsakliga resultaten har indikerat att felkommunikation fortfarande är ett problem inom flygbranschen, men i en långt mindre omfattning på lokal nationell nivå än i ett globalt perspektiv. Två specifika företeelser som har getts extra uppmärksamhet är rullbaneintrång samt användandet av CPDLC (datalänk).Vi har konstaterat att det finns tekniska system på marknaden för att förbättra prestandan på kommunikationen samt att rullbaneintrång är ett problem som växer med flygplatsens storlek och komplexitetsgrad. Vi har också uppmärksammats på att den mänskliga faktorn endast delvis kan undanröjas med hjälp av teknologi. Den huvudsakliga fågeställningen har varit: Hur kan felkommunikation inom flyget reduceras

This master’s thesis is focused on the continuous descent approach procedure and its impact on the airspace capacity. The first part is devoted to the theoretical description of the procedure and the assessment of the current situation in implementation of continuous descent approach at the European airports. The impact on the airspace capacity is demonstrated by a detailed analysis of the procedure application at Praha – Ruzyně airport. The aim of the analysis is to define critical areas that have to be solved before permanent application of the procedure. In the following chapters there are presented possible solutions of conflict spots in the current operational environment and in the future after implementation of 4D trajectory concept as well. The last part is focused on the application of continuous descent approach at Praha – Ruzyně airport after the construction of a parallel runway.

[ES] En los últimos años, Internet de las cosas (``Internet of Things'' o ``IoT'') ha evolucionado de ser simplemente un concepto académico, construido alrededor de protocolos de comunicación y dispositivos, a ser un ecosistema con aplicaciones industriales y de negocio con implicaciones tecnológicas y sociales sin precedentes. Gracias a las nuevas redes de acceso inalámbricas emergentes, sensores mejorados y sistemas embebidos con procesadores cada vez más eficientes y baratos, una gran cantidad de objetos (tanto de nuestra vida cotidiana como de sistemas y procesos industriales) están interconectados entre sí, trasladando la información del mundo físico a las aplicaciones y servicios de Internet. A través de las pasarelas IoT los dispositivos que interactúan con el mundo físico son capaces de conectarse a las redes de comunicación e intercambiar información. Son varios los retos que deben afrontar las pasarelas en su papel dentro del Internet de las Cosas, entre ellas, la escalabilidad, seguridad, la gestión de dispositivos y, recientemente, la interoperabilidad. La falta de interoperabilidad entre los dispositivos provoca importantes problemas tecnológicos y empresariales, tales como la imposibilidad de conectar dispositivos IoT no interoperables a plataformas IoT heterogéneas, la imposibilidad de desarrollar aplicaciones IoT que exploten múltiples plataformas en dominios homogéneos y/o cruzados, la lentitud en la introducción de la tecnología IoT a gran escala, el desánimo en la adopción de la tecnología IoT, el aumento de los costes, la escasa reutilización de las soluciones técnicas y la insatisfacción de los usuarios. El propósito de esta tesis doctoral es la búsqueda de una solución óptima para la interoperabilidad entre dispositivos de Internet de las Cosas mediante la definición de una pasarela IoT genérica, modular y extensible; sin dejar de lado aspectos esenciales como la seguridad, escalabilidad y la calidad de servicio. Se completa esta tesis doctoral con una implementación software de la pasarela IoT siguiendo la definición propuesta, así como el despliegue y la evaluación de los resultados obtenidos en numerosos casos de uso pertenecientes a pilotos del proyecto de investigación Europeo ``INTER-IoT'' financiado a través del programa marco Horizonte 2020. / [CA] En els últims anys, Internet de les coses (``Internet of Things'' o ``IoT'') ha evolucionat de ser simplement un concepte acadèmic, construït al voltant de protocols de comunicació i dispositius, a ser un ecosistema amb aplicacions industrials i de negoci amb implicacions tecnològiques i socials sense precedents. Gràcies a les noves xarxes d'accés ``wireless'' emergents, sensors millorats i sistemes embeguts amb processadors cada vegada més eficients i barats, una gran quantitat d'objectes (tant de la nostra vida quotidiana com de sistemes i processos industrials) estan interconnectats entre si, traslladant la informació del món físic a les aplicacions i serveis d'Internet. A través de les passarel·les IoT els dispositius que interactuen amb el món físic són capaços de connectar-se a les xarxes de comunicació i intercanviar informació. Són diversos els reptes que han d'afrontar les passarel·les en el seu paper dins de la Internet de les Coses, entre elles, l'escalabilitat, seguretat, la gestió de dispositius i, recentment, la interoperabilitat. La falta d'interoperabilitat entre els dispositius provoca importants problemes tecnològics i empresarials, com ara la impossibilitat de connectar dispositius IoT no interoperables a plataformes IoT heterogènies, la impossibilitat de desenvolupar aplicacions IoT que exploten múltiples plataformes en dominis homogenis i/o croats, la lentitud en la introducció de la tecnologia IoT a gran escala, el descoratjament en l'adopció de la tecnologia IoT, l'augment dels costos, l'escassa reutilització de les solucions tècniques i la insatisfacció dels usuaris. El propòsit d'aquesta tesi doctoral és la cerca d'una solució òptima per a la interoperabilitat entre dispositius d'Internet de les Coses mitjançant la definició d'una passarel·la IoT genèrica, modular i extensible; sense deixar de costat aspectes essencials com la seguretat, escalabilitat i la qualitat de servei. Es completa aquesta tesi doctoral amb una implementació programari de la passarel·la IoT seguint la definició proposada, així com el desplegament i l'avaluació dels resultats obtinguts en nombrosos casos d'ús pertanyents a pilots del projecte d'investigació Europeu ``INTER-IoT'' finançat a través del programa marc Horitzó 2020. / [EN] In recent years, the Internet of Things (``IoT") has evolved from being simply an academic concept, built around communication protocols and devices, to an ecosystem with industrial and business applications with unprecedented technological and social implications. Thanks to new emerging wireless access networks, improved sensors and embedded systems with increasingly efficient and inexpensive processors, a large number of objects (both in our daily lives and in industrial systems and processes) are interconnected with each other, moving information from the physical world to Internet applications and services. Through IoT gateways, devices that interact with the physical world are able to connect to communication networks and exchange information. There are several challenges that gateways must face in their role within the Internet of Things, including scalability, security, device management and, recently, interoperability. The lack of interoperability between devices causes major technological and business problems, such as the impossibility of connecting non-interoperable IoT devices to heterogeneous IoT platforms, the impossibility of developing IoT applications that exploit multiple platforms in homogeneous and/or cross-domains, the slow introduction of IoT technology on a large scale, discouragement in the adoption of IoT technology, increased costs, low utilization of technical solutions and user dissatisfaction. The purpose of this doctoral thesis is the search for an optimal solution for interoperability between Internet of Things devices by defining a generic, modular and extensible IoT gateway; without neglecting essential aspects such as security, scalability and quality of service. This doctoral Thesis is completed with a software implementation of the IoT gateway following the proposed definition, as well as the deployment and evaluation of the results obtained in numerous use cases belonging to the pilots of the European research project ``INTER-IoT'' funded through the Horizon 2020 framework program. / Esta tesis doctoral se completa con una implementación software de la pasarela IoT siguiendo la definición propuesta, así como el despliegue y la evaluación de los resultados obtenidos en numerosos casos de uso pertenecientes a pilotos del proyecto de investigación Europeo “INTER-IoT” financiado a través del programa marco Horizonte 2020. / Olivares Gorriti, E. (2022). Especificación y desarrollo de una pasarela física y virtual para interoperabilidad de dispositivos heterogéneos en el ámbito de Internet de las Cosas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/181492 / TESIS

The main work of the diploma thesis is a draft and a static judgement of chosen horizontal and vertical parts of prefab hall with a crane runway. The chosen parts are the girder, the column, the bracing, the foundation beam, and the foundation pad. The model for gathering of intern forces is made by the program SCIA Engineer 18.1 with the use of a bar 3D model of the whole project. The parts were judged on the ultimate limit state. The prestressed girder was judged on the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state.

Mit Ende des 2. Weltkrieges waren weite Teile Deutschlands und der Industriegebiete zerstört. Nach einer Phase von Reparaturen und Erweiterungen wurden viele Betriebe auf dem Gebiet der Bundesrepublik und der DDR in den 1960er und 1970er Jahren neu errichtet oder umfassend modernisiert. Die in dieser Zeit entstandenen Industriebauten sind mittlerweile mehr als 50 Jahre in Betrieb und die rechnerisch ermittelten Lebensdauern sind oftmals überschritten. Neben einer verlängerten Nutzung der Anlagen wurden diese vielfach erweitert, neugestaltet und müssen oft höhere Produktionsbelastungen ertragen, als während der Errichtungsphase ermessen wurde. Demzufolge ergeben sich für die Erneuerung von alten Bestandsbauten und deren Kranbahnen hier im Besonderen völlig andere Randbedingungen als beim Neubau „auf der grünen Wiese“. Am Beispiel einer sehr komplexen Umbaumaßnahme zur Erneuerung einer Kranbahn im industriellen Bestand eines Hüttenbetriebes soll die Herangehensweise bei der Umsetzung einer solchen Aufgabenstellung, beginnend bei der Verfassung der Aufgabenstellung über mögliche Variantenstudien, materialtechnische Untersuchungen der Altbestandskonstruktion bis hin zur Fertigung und Montage dargestellt werden.

Syftet med denna studie är att forska i hur olika rederier och besättningar förhåller sig till avsaknaden av regelverk gällande transport av fordon med litiumjonbatterier. Tidigare forskning visar att bränder i litiumjonbatterier skiljer sig från bränder i konventionella bilar då det finns risk för att termisk rusning initieras i cellerna vilket medför att återantändningsrisken är stor och branden svårsläckt med begränsade mängder vatten. Metoden som har använts är semistrukturerade intervjuer i syfte att få en dialog med välutvecklade svar mellan respondenten och forskarna genom en intervjuguide. En rederirepresentant och en befälhavare från tre olika ro-ro rederier som vartdera trafikerar tre olika fartområden intervjuades. Resultatet visar att det råder delade meningar från branschen om regelverk och risken med att transportera elbilar beroende på vilket fartområde och typ av ro-ro fartyg som transporten bedrivs på. Fortsatt forskning inom effektiva släckmetoder med fokus på släckning av elbilar ombord på ro-ro fartyg rekommenderas. / The purpose of this study is to research how different shipping companies and crews relate to the absence of regulations. Previous research shows that fires in lithium-ion batteries differ from fires in conventional cars because there is a risk of thermal runaway being initiated in the cells, which means that the risk of re-ignition is high, and the fire is difficult to extinguish with limited amounts of water. The method used is a semi-structured interview aimed at creating a dialogue with well-developed responses between the respondent and the researchers through an interview guide. A shipping company representative and a captain from three different ro-ro shipping companies with three different trafficked zones were interviewed. The results show that there are differing opinions within the industry regarding regulations and the risk of transporting electric cars depending on the speed range and type of ro-ro vessel used for transportation. More research on how to effectively extinguish fires in electric cars onboard ro-ro ships is recommended.

This research aims to improve the design and placement of runway exits at airports through analysis and modeling of the effects that exogenous causal factors have on pilots' landing behavior and exit selections. Incorporating these factors into modeling software will strengthen the software's utility by providing project teams the ability to specify which pilot motivational causal factors apply to a new or existing runway. The main findings suggest pilots' exit selections are deterministic but dependent on the presence (or absence) of six (6) causal factors. A model and two (2) case studies are presented and compared against predictions generated by existing modeling software. The results support a finding that the causal factor model improves motivation-based predictions over current modeling techniques, which are drawn from stochastic distributions. The accuracy of this model enables designers to optimize runway exit placement and geometry to maximize runway capacity. / Master of Science / Airport design engineers currently plan the locations and geometric characteristics of runway exits by balancing the expected fleet mix of aircraft on that runway with the capacity and delay effects that the number and placement of these exits might cause. This technique originated from research beginning in the early 1970s, which found that pilots' exit motivations primarily resulted from the capabilities and limitations of their aircraft. Since pilots tend to "fly by the numbers" (i.e., exhibit predictable approach airspeeds, power levels, wing flaps, touchdown locations, landing speeds, and braking efforts), engineers thus employed design principles in which the numbers, locations and geometries of exits were primarily functions of the physical and performance-based characteristics of the specific types of aircraft expected to utilize the runway. However, in studying more than 4 million landings by a single aircraft type (the Boeing 737-800) at 42 U.S. airports, the evidence in this thesis shows that pilots' exit selections are behaviorally motivated by more than the physics of motion. This thesis aims to refine previous research and engineering methods by showing evidence that pilots' exit selections have as much to do with the presence (or absence) of certain environmental factors within the landing system. These factors (described in detailed within) are unique to each airport's overall physical network of interconnected runways, exits, taxiways, terminals and other features. Within this network, a pilot's landing behavior and exit selection depends on the locational and relational interactions that each exit choice will have on the time and distance to their apron (gate) assignment. These "interactions" are referred to as causal factors – defined as physical features within a landing environment that pilots have little-to-no control over – but which nevertheless influence their specific exit selections. Two (2) runway case studies provided in this thesis evidence a finding that a causal factor model reliably predicts pilots' exit selections better than current modeling techniques, which are drawn from probability-based statistical distributions. The stability and accuracy of the new model enables engineering design and project teams to optimize runway exit placement and geometry to maximize runway capacity, and can be adopted for use in both existing and future runways.