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This study compares rural Virginia two-adult farm and non-farm household labor supply on two levels: (1) labor market participation and (2) variations in labor supply to the market and to the home. The study develops three models: a selection model, a wage rate model, and a labor supply model. Estimation is performed with data collected from rural Virginia by the Virginia Agricultural Statistical Service in 1989 and by North American Research in 1990. The estimates of the selection equations indicate significant differences in the effects of human capital and unearned income on labor market and wage employment participation of rural Virginia farm and non-farm households. / Ph. D.

Orientador: Maristela Simões do Carmo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T08:16:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinto_MauroSergioVianello_D.pdf: 646182 bytes, checksum: d4bfee6421f2afaf80b9304a7cb9a3b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A pluriatividade consiste na realização de atividades produtivas agrícolas e não- agrícolas, desenvolvidas pela família rural e seus membros. Neste trabalho procurou-se compreender a pluriatividade enquanto processos sociais decorrentes das relações continuamente construídas por diferentes atores sociais, dentre os quais se insere o agricultor familiar. Dentre os problemas enfrentados pelo agricultor familiar, e em particular os agricultores assentados na Fazenda Pirituba II, a geração de renda e de novas ocupações são dois daqueles que mais afligem as famílias atualmente. Em resposta, elas elaboram e colocam em prática um conjunto de estratégias que resultam no exercício da agricultura e de atividades pluriativas. Diante da histórica desvalorização da agricultura pelo desenvolvimento do capitalismo no campo, e particularmente da agricultura familiar, acredita-se que a pluriatividade se apresente como estratégia alternativa que possibilita a geração de trabalho e de renda para as famílias rurais, de modo que possa garantir sua reprodução social e econômica. Além disso, a pluriatividade se expressa em virtude de um habitus, ou seja, do patrimônio sociocultural do agricultor familiar acumulado ao longo de sua trajetória. A partir dessas hipóteses buscou-se compreender e explicar os processos que estariam ocorrendo no interior das famílias e da comunidade. Assim, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi investigar a pluriatividade como estratégia de reprodução social e econômica dos agricultores familiares do assentamento rural da Fazenda Pirituba II, nos municípios de Itapeva e Itaberá, Estado de São Paulo. Os procedimentos metodológicos consistiram em entrevistar um conjunto de trinta e duas famílias assentadas e outros agentes locais. As noções de habitus e campo social de Bourdieu foram utilizados para analisar os processos sociais em curso. Os resultados mostraram que a agricultura continuava sendo a principal atividade em termos de ocupação da mão-de-obra. Ao mesmo tempo a pluriatividade estava em expansão nas áreas do assentamento e no interior das famílias e se manifestava em diferentes atividades não-agrícolas, no interior e fora da unidade produtiva. Concluiu-se que a pluriatividade é expressa em virtude de um habitus, isto é, da capacidade de adaptação do agricultor em responder a fatores internos e externos que afetam sua reprodução. Os processos sociais que engendram a pluriatividade apresentam um caráter ambíguo na reprodução social do agricultor familiar, contribuindo para a reprodução do grupo ao mesmo tempo em que priva alguns de seus membros desse modo de vida. E mesmo assumindo o exercício de atividades não-agrícolas, a agricultura mantém sua importância e o tempo de dedicação das famílias. / Abstract:The pluriactivity consists in non-agricultural and agricultural activities that are developed by the family farmers and its members. This study sought to understand pluriactivity as a social process arising from the continuously constructed relationships by different social actors, among which the family farmer. Among the problems faced by family farmers, especially farmers and settlers in Pirituba II Farm, income generation and new occupations are two of the issues that also worry the families nowadays. In response to that, they develop and practice several strategies that result in agriculture and pluriactivity activities. Given the agricultural historical devaluation by the capitalism development in the countryside, and particularly family farming, it is stated that pluriactivity is an alternative strategy that enables employment and income generation for family farmers, assuring their social and economic reproduction. In addition, the pluriactivity is expressed due to a habitus, or, the family farmer's sociocultural background. Following from this hypothesis, this work seeks to understand and explain the processes that would be occurring within these families and community. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the pluriactivity as strategy to the economic and social reproduction of the family farmers from Pirituba II Farm rural settlement, in the municipalities of Itapeva and Itaberá, São Paulo State. The methodological procedures consisted in interviewing a group of thirty-two families settled, as well as, other local actors. The idea of habitus and field of Bourdieu was applied to analyze the social processes in progress. The results have shown that agriculture remains the main activity in terms of labor occupation. At the same time, pluriactivity is expanding in settlement areas and within families and it is expressed in several different non-agricultural activities, inside and outside the productive unit. It was concluded that pluriactivity is expressed due to a habitus, that is, farmers capability to adapt and respond to internal and external factors that affect their reproduction. The social processes that engender the pluriactivity present an ambiguous character in family farmers social reproduction, contributing to the group reproduction at the same time depriving this way of life to some of its members. And even assuming the non-agricultural practices, agriculture retains its importance and time dedication of the families. / Doutorado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

The thesis searches for driving forces behind structural changes of rural employment in the example of Czechia subject to changing rural paradigm and the related question of rural economic viability represented by the employment performance. The research elaborates on the territorial approaches which categorises regions according to their degree of rurality. In addition, the detailed classification is made according to the change of non-agricultural employment in the period 2001-2011 in order to identify dynamic regions which showed performance above national average (leading) and those which lacked behind (lagging). The observations prompt the question why is the performance differentiated. Therefore, the regionally differentiated impact of processes such as deagriculturisation, deindustrialisation and tertiarisation in the period 2001-2011 is analysed by the use of analysis of components (namely shift-share analysis) and multivariate analysis (namely factor and cluster analysis). The thesis aims to provide answers in particular by giving a thorough analysis of how the changing rural paradigm (and regional theories in wider context) conceptualise the driving forces behind employment development in rural areas. The added value is in the analysis of interrelations and correlations of chosen...