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Dissertation (PhD Agric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera is a shrub indigenous to South Africa, which has become a serious weed of native vegetation in Australia. Endophyllum osteospermi is a microcyclic, autoecious, rust fungus that induces witches' brooms on C. monilifera ssp. monilifera. This rust is considered as a candidate biocontrol agent for use against C. monilifera ssp. monilifera in Australia. The vegetative growth and reproductive output of healthy branches on bushes with different levels of E. osteospermi infections were measured at three sites. The growth of healthy branches on infected bushes was 26- 81% less than that of healthy branches on uninfected bushes. The number of buds, flowering capitulae, fruiting capitulae, and cypselas on healthy branches of infected bushes was 35-75%, 45-90%, 15-99%, and 15-90% less, respectively, than those on uninfected bushes. At five sites, the infection levels and number of witches' brooms were determined every two months. The increase in number of witches' brooms per bush ranged between o and 282 within one year, with an average increase per bush of28 (SE ± 4.8) and 39 (SE ± 9.2) during two years. The average simple interest rate (rs) increase of infection levels for all bushes was 0.015 month-I (s.e. ± 0.0041, n = 72) and 0.0098 month" (s.e. ± 0.0073, n = 43) during two years. Aecidioid teliospores germinated between 10 and 20oe, with 15°e as optimum. Light, and particularly near-uv light, stimulated germination. A period of 6 to 8 hours of light was needed to obtain optimum germination levels. The temperature requirements for basidiospore development differed from that of aecidioid teliospore germination. Optimum was at 15°e, but a rapid decrease in basidiospore production occurred at higher temperatures, few developed at 19°e. Two nuclear divisions occurred within 12 hours of germination to produce a metabasidium with three or four nuclei. A third nuclear division occurred in the basidiospores between 24 and 48 hours. Plants inoculated under controlled conditions took 5 to 24 months before witches' brooms began to develop. A Geographic Information System (GIS) approach was used to model the potential distribution of E. osteospermi in South Africa, based on monthly average climate surfaces with parameters derived from the above experiments. The same model was applied to Australia to suggest a potential distribution of the rust if released in Australia. This potential distribution was similar to one generated using the climate matching computer programme CLIMEX©, but gave greater spatial accuracy. Both approaches indicate that E. osteospermi should establish in temperate Australia. Chrysanthemoides species, as well as other South African asteraceaus plants, were monitored for E. osteospermi between 1992 and 2003. Endophyllum osteospermi was recorded on C. monilifera ssp. monilifera, C. monilifera ssp. pisifera, C. monilifera ssp. rotundata, C. monilifera ssp. canescens, C. monilifera ssp. subcanescens, C. incana, an undescribed taxon of Chrysanthemoides, Osteospermum ciliatum, 0. polygaloides and 0. potbergense. Endophyllum dimorphothecae sp. nov. is described on Dimorphotheca cuneata. Aecidium elytropappi, which was recorded on Elytropappus rhinocerostis and Stoebe plumose, is transferred to Endophyllum as E. elytropappi comb. nov. Germination of aecidioid teliospores and penetration by basidiospores were observed on the surface of excised leaves of 32 plant species at 4 days after inoculation. Germinating aecidioid teliospores aborted on 14 plant species, whilst no penetration was attempted on a further 12. Penetration only occurred on 9. Therefore only these 9 plant species need to undergo traditional host specificity testing. Pending these results, E. osteospermi could be safely released in Australia for the biological control of C. monilifera ssp. monilifera. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera 'n meerjarige wat inheems in Suid Afrika is, het 'n belangrike onkruid in Austalië geword. Endophyllum osteospermi 'n mikrosikliese, autoecious roesswam, induseer heksebesems op C. monilifera ssp. monilifera. Hierdie roesswam word as 'n potensiële biologiese beheeragent teen C. monilifera ssp. monilifera in Austalië beskou. Die vegetatiewe groei en voortplanting van gesonde takke op struike met verskillende vlakke van E. osteospermi infeksies is by drie lokaliteite gemeet. Groei van gesonde takke op geinfekteerde bosse was 26-81 % minder as die van gesonde takke op ongeïnfekteerde bosse. Die aantalokselknoppe, blommende capitulum, vrugdraende capitulum en pitvrugte op individuele gesonde takke van geïnfekteerde bosse was onderskeidelik 35-75%, 45-90%,15-99%, en 15-90% minder, as die op ongeïnfekteerde bosse. By vyf lokaliteite is die infeksievlakke en die aantal heksebesems elke twee maande vasgestel. Die toename in heksebesems van elke plant was tussen 0 en 282 binne eenjaar, met 'n gemmidel van 28 (SE ± 4.8) en 39 (SE ± 9.2) geduurende twee jaare. Die gemiddelde eenvoudige rentekoers (rs) toename in infeksievlakke van al die struike was 0.015 maand" (s.e. ± 0.0041, n = 72) en 0.0098 maand-1 (s.e. ± 0.0073, n = 43) gedurende twee jaare. Ontkieming van aecidioidteliospore het tussen 100e en 200e met 15°e as die optimum. Lig en veral naby-uv lig het ontkieming gestimuleer, terwylontkieming relatief swak was onder donker toestande. 'n Periode van 6 tot 8 uur lig was nodig vir optimale ontkiemingsvlakke. Die temperatuurvereistes vir basidiospoor ontwikkeling het verskil van die van aecidioid teliospoor ontkieming. Optimale was by 15°e, maar 'n vinnige afname in basidiospoorproduksie het by hoër temperature voorgekom, min het by 19°e voorgekom. Twee kernverdelings het binne 12 ure van die begin van ontkieming voorgekom om 'n metabasidium te produseer met drie of vier kerne. 'n Derde kern verdeling het in die basidiospore tussen 24 en 48 uur voorgekom. Plante wat onder beheeerde toestande geïnokuleer is het heksebesems 5 tot 24 maande na inokulasie ontwikkel. 'n Geografiese Inligtings Sisteem (GIS) benadering is gebruik om 'n model vir die potensiële verspreiding van E. osteospermi in Suid Afrika te ontwikkel, gebasseer op die maandelikse gemiddelde klimaatoppervlaktes met parameters wat vanaf bogenoemde eksperimente verkry is. Dieselfde model is in Austalië toegepas om 'n potensiële verspreiding van die roesswam voor te stel. Hierdie potensiële verspreiding was soortgelyk aan 'n program wat met die klimaats vergelykende rekenaarsprogram CLIMEX© ontwikel is, maar dit het groter ruimtelike akkuraatheid gemaak. Beide benaderings het aangedui dat E. osteospermi in Austalië behoort te vestig. Chrysanthemoides spesies, asook ander inheemse plante van die Asteraceae, is tussen 1992 en 2003 vir die voorkoms van E. osteospermi in Suid Afrika waargeneem. Endophyllum osteospermi is op C. monilifera ssp. monilifera, C. monilifera ssp. pisifera, C. monilifera ssp. rotundata, C. monilifera ssp. canescens, C. monilifera ssp. subcanescens, C. incana, 'n onbeskryfde taxon van Chrysanthemoides, Osteospermum ciliatum, a. polygaloides en a. potbergense waargeneem. Endophyllum dimorphothecae sp. nov. is beskryf op Dimorphotheca cuneata. Aecidium elytropappi, wat op Elytropappus rhinocerostis en Stoebe plumosa voorkom, is by Endophyllum ingesluit as E. elytropappi comb. nov. Ontkieming van aecidioidteliospore en penetrasie deur basidiospore op die oppervlak van verwyderde blare van 32 plant spesies 4 dae na inokulasie is waargeneem. Ontkiemende aecidioidteliospore het op 14 toets plant spesies ge-aborteer, terwyl geen penetrasie op 'n verdere 12 gepoog is nie. Penetrasie het slegs op 9 voorgekom. Derhalwe hoef slegs die 9 plant spesies tradisionele gasheer spesifisiteitstoetse te ondergaan. Afhangende van die resultate kan E. osteospermi dus met veiligheid in Austalië vir die biologiese beheer van C. monilifera ssp. monilifera vrygelaat word.

Resumo: No presente trabalho, verificou-se a capacidade de produção de basidiosporos produzidos pelos teliossoros telióides de Puccinia pampeana. Avaliou-se a inibição da germinação de esporos de três agentes causais de ferrugem pelas substâncias auto-inibidoras, presentes nas paredes dos teliosporos telióides, e a suscetibilidade de espécies de Capsicum e também outras solanáceas, como jiló e berinjela. Foi constatado, que choques de temperatura (35ºC e 8ºC) por 3 horas, em seguida temperatura continua de 12ºC, não inviabilizam os teliossoros telióides, apenas provocam diferenças no início da produção de basidiosporos. Quando mantidos a 12ºC, e com lavagens diárias dos soros, são capazes de produzir basidiosporos por um período de até 5 meses. Extratos aquosos de esporos (EAE1, EAE2, EAE3, EAE4) preparados com 20 mg de teliosporos telióides, continham quantidades de autoinibidor capazes de inibir teliosporos aecidióides de P. pampeana, e urediniosporos de Coleosporium plumierae e de Hemileia vastatrix, sendo este efeito inibidor na germinação, comprovado mesmo após 6 horas em contato com os extratos. Nos testes de inoculação observou-se, que nem todas as espécies dentro do gênero Capsicum, são suscetíveis, pois algumas apresentaram reação de hipersensibilidade. Como é o caso de C.annuum (pimenta cayenne) e C. chinense (pimenta habañero), que após a formação dos espermogônios (11 dias), aos 15 dias da inoculação, apresentou manchas necróticas na região periférica aos espermogônios, interrompendo a infecção. Também foi observada reação de hipersensibilidade, de forma mais moderada em C. annuum (pimenta serrano) e C. baccatum (chapéu-de-frade) nas folhas, as hastes de ambas as espécies apresentavam estruturas do fungo. Nas outras solanáceas inoculadas: Solanum gillo (jiló) e Solanum melongena (berinjela), não foram ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the present work, we studied the basidiospore production capacity of telioid teliosori of Puccinia pampeana. We evaluated the spore germination inhibition of three rust causal agents by self-inhibiting substances present in the walls of telioid teliospores, as well as the susceptibility of Capsicum species and other solanaceous plants, such as jiló and eggplant. It was observed that telioid teliosori submitted to temperature shocks (35ºC and 8ºC) for 3 hours and then maintained at 12ºC did not become unviable. The shocks only caused differences in the beginning of basidiospore production. When maintained at 12ºC, with the sori washed daily, they were capable of producing basidiospores for a period of up to 5 months. With regard to spore aqueous extracts (EAE1, EAE2, EAE3, EAE4) prepared with 20 mg of telioid teliospores, they contained quantities of the self-inhibitor that were capable of inhibiting P. pampeana aecidioid teliospores and Coleosporium plumierae and Hemileia vastatrix urediniospores. This inhibiting effect on germination was demonstrated even after 6 hours of contact with the extracts. In inoculation tests, it was observed that not all species within the genus Capsicum are susceptible, since some of them showed a hypersensitivity reaction, such as C. chinense (datil pepper), which, after spermogonia formation (11 days), showed necrotic spots in the peripheral region of the spermogonia at 15 days from inoculation, interrupting the infection. A milder hypersensitivity reaction was also observed in leaves of C. annuum (chili pepper) and C. baccatum (chapéu-de-frade); the stalks of both species showed structures of the fungus. No symptoms or signs of infection were observed in other solanaceous plants inoculated - Solanum gillo (jiló) and Solanum melongena (eggplant) - which demonstrates the specificity of this rust to Capsicum spp. / Orientador: Edson Luiz Furtado / Coorientador: Mário Barreto Figueiredo / Banca: Nilton Luiz de Souza / Banca: Rômulo Fujito Kobori / Mestre

No description available.

Bibliography: 136-146 / v, 146 leaves, [9] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Dept. of Agronomy, University of Adelaide, 1987

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1970. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-05-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:34:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 passador_mm_me_botfca.pdf: 1114277 bytes, checksum: dbed231b6e9273ff1d6a2ceda569bce9 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / No presente trabalho, verificou-se a capacidade de produção de basidiosporos produzidos pelos teliossoros telióides de Puccinia pampeana. Avaliou-se a inibição da germinação de esporos de três agentes causais de ferrugem pelas substâncias auto-inibidoras, presentes nas paredes dos teliosporos telióides, e a suscetibilidade de espécies de Capsicum e também outras solanáceas, como jiló e berinjela. Foi constatado, que choques de temperatura (35ºC e 8ºC) por 3 horas, em seguida temperatura continua de 12ºC, não inviabilizam os teliossoros telióides, apenas provocam diferenças no início da produção de basidiosporos. Quando mantidos a 12ºC, e com lavagens diárias dos soros, são capazes de produzir basidiosporos por um período de até 5 meses. Extratos aquosos de esporos (EAE1, EAE2, EAE3, EAE4) preparados com 20 mg de teliosporos telióides, continham quantidades de autoinibidor capazes de inibir teliosporos aecidióides de P. pampeana, e urediniosporos de Coleosporium plumierae e de Hemileia vastatrix, sendo este efeito inibidor na germinação, comprovado mesmo após 6 horas em contato com os extratos. Nos testes de inoculação observou-se, que nem todas as espécies dentro do gênero Capsicum, são suscetíveis, pois algumas apresentaram reação de hipersensibilidade. Como é o caso de C.annuum (pimenta cayenne) e C. chinense (pimenta habañero), que após a formação dos espermogônios (11 dias), aos 15 dias da inoculação, apresentou manchas necróticas na região periférica aos espermogônios, interrompendo a infecção. Também foi observada reação de hipersensibilidade, de forma mais moderada em C. annuum (pimenta serrano) e C. baccatum (chapéu-de-frade) nas folhas, as hastes de ambas as espécies apresentavam estruturas do fungo. Nas outras solanáceas inoculadas: Solanum gillo (jiló) e Solanum melongena (berinjela), não foram... / In the present work, we studied the basidiospore production capacity of telioid teliosori of Puccinia pampeana. We evaluated the spore germination inhibition of three rust causal agents by self-inhibiting substances present in the walls of telioid teliospores, as well as the susceptibility of Capsicum species and other solanaceous plants, such as jiló and eggplant. It was observed that telioid teliosori submitted to temperature shocks (35ºC and 8ºC) for 3 hours and then maintained at 12ºC did not become unviable. The shocks only caused differences in the beginning of basidiospore production. When maintained at 12ºC, with the sori washed daily, they were capable of producing basidiospores for a period of up to 5 months. With regard to spore aqueous extracts (EAE1, EAE2, EAE3, EAE4) prepared with 20 mg of telioid teliospores, they contained quantities of the self-inhibitor that were capable of inhibiting P. pampeana aecidioid teliospores and Coleosporium plumierae and Hemileia vastatrix urediniospores. This inhibiting effect on germination was demonstrated even after 6 hours of contact with the extracts. In inoculation tests, it was observed that not all species within the genus Capsicum are susceptible, since some of them showed a hypersensitivity reaction, such as C. chinense (datil pepper), which, after spermogonia formation (11 days), showed necrotic spots in the peripheral region of the spermogonia at 15 days from inoculation, interrupting the infection. A milder hypersensitivity reaction was also observed in leaves of C. annuum (chili pepper) and C. baccatum (chapéu-de-frade); the stalks of both species showed structures of the fungus. No symptoms or signs of infection were observed in other solanaceous plants inoculated - Solanum gillo (jiló) and Solanum melongena (eggplant) - which demonstrates the specificity of this rust to Capsicum spp.

The compatibility of the rust fungus Puccinia carduorum Jacky with three biological control agents, Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer), rhinocvllus conicus Froelich, and Cassida rubiginosa Müller and their combined impact on must thistle, Carduus thoermeri Weinmann were studied. / Ph. D.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1963 H32 / Master of Science

No description available.