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Smallholding coffee farmers in Colombia face many obstacles to satisfy their needs due to a changed climate, a low coffee price and the lack of saved financial capital, that in turns creates a vulnerability to unpredictable events. An increased sustainability in those smallholding systems could therefore be crucial. The objectives of this study were to identify sustainability constraints experienced by smallholding coffee farmers among two cooperatives in Colombia. Likewise to explore the usefulness of FAO:s sustainability tool “Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture Systems (SAFA)” in the context of small-holding coffee systems. The study was conducted by the use of SAFA smallholder app and a participatory consultation, which evaluated four aspects of sustainability: environmental, social, economic and organizational governance, at male and female farmers from two coffee cooperatives. The results highlight that the farmers sustainability challenges were seen to be greatest due to climate and insects related losses and a low income. For them to meet these challenges, the financial capital was understood to be an obstacle. Obtaining external advice and help was often therefore seen as an opportunity to achieve those challenges. The SAFA tool gave in whole, a distinct illustration of the farm’s sustainability, while some parts of the configuration were perceived as not fully adapted to small farmers in developing countries.

“We would never accept the Japanese putting up a site next to Pearl Harbor. There's no reason for us to accept a mosque next to the World Trade Center.”Newt Gingrich said the above words in reference to the recent “ground-zero mosque debate”, a heated media controversy which surrounded plans for the Park 51 Islamic Community Center to open in downtown Manhattan on the 10th anniversary of the September 11th attacks. Assuming a necessary enmity between America and Islam, Gingrich’s claims seem rooted in the theory of a “Clash of Civilizations”. This theory envisions “the West” and “Islam” as diametrically opposed entities with no common values, and has become widely pervasive in informing much of post-9/11 America’s political and academic discourse. When chalked up against the social, cultural, and literary history of Islam, however, the Clash of Civilizations theory is a poor fit. For medieval Arabo-Islamic culture saw a vast rise of humanistic literature bearing a clear multi-civilizational influence. The Letters of the Goodwill Brothers of Basra constitute one of the most overlooked of these works. Composed by a group of 10th century Abbasid Muslim littérateurs, the 52 Letters draw parallels between the teachings of Islam and those of prior great wisdom traditions, including Indian and Ancient Greek wisdom, Judaism, and Christianity. Focusing on the way the Letters frame Islam in the context of perennial human wisdom, I show how this text is ultimately an irenic text aimed at promoting religious tolerance and cooperation in the tumultuous sectarian atmosphere of 10th century Abbasid Iraq. I argue ultimately that the irenic message of the Letters presents an alternative narrative to the Clash of Civilizations theory, a narrative of tolerance from the Islamic past by which our own society may benefit when it comes to the relationships between American Muslims and non-Muslims. / text

Fullerene stellen geschlossene Käfigstrukturen dar und bilden somit neben Graphit und Diamant die dritte Modifikation des Kohlenstoffs. Bereits 1970 wurden Fullerene theoretisch vorhergesagt und 1985 erfolgreich synthetisiert. Sie bilden sphärische Strukturen mit der allgemeinen Schreibweise C2n (n ist ganzzahlig). Im Allgemeinen sind Fullerene aus Kohlenstofffünfecken und -sechsecken aufgebaut. Aufgrund der entstehenden sterischen Spannung bei kondensierten Fünfringen, wurde die Regel der isolierten Fünfringe (IPR-Regel) postuliert. Durch die unterschiedliche Anordnung der Kohlenstoffringe ergeben sich eine Vielzahl verschiedener Strukturisomere, welche im Fullerenatlas von FOWLER und MANOLOPOULOS verzeichnet sind. Aufgrund des Hohlraumes im Inneren der „leeren“ Fullerene ist es möglich, weitere Atome aufzunehmen. Für das in dieser Arbeit vorrangig untersuchte Fulleren C80-Ih beträgt der Innendurchmesser 8,2 Å. Metalle, insbesondere Lanthanoide, eignen sich sehr gut für die endohedrale Fullerensynthese. Die eingeschlossene (endohedrale) Spezies kann hierbei verschiedene Positionen einnehmen und nicht entweichen – das Fulleren wirkt als allseitiger Käfig. Allgemein ergibt sich für endohedrale Fullerene die Schreibweise Xy@C2n. Das eingeschlossene Metall behält dabei seine, beispielsweise magnetischen, Eigenschaften, die nach außen wirken, sodass die Grundlage für mögliche Anwendungen gebildet wird. Kommt es zum Einschluss von Metallen und nichtmetallischen Spezies, werden sogenannte Clusterfullerene gebildet. Je nach Zentralion werden verschiedene Clusterfullerenfamilien gebildet (s. Kapitel 2.1). Durch solch einen Clustereinschluss können auch Nicht-IPR-Isomere stabilisiert werden. In dieser Arbeit werden endohedrale Fullerene mit Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff als zentrales Clusteratom synthetisiert und untersucht. Die Entdeckung des Carbidoclusterfullerens Lu2TiC@C80 und Untersuchungen von Dy2TiC@C80 bilden die Grundlage der hier vorgestellten Isolierung von DyYTiC@C80 (s. Kapitel 3). Die Besonderheit hierbei ist die Doppelbindung innerhalb des Clusters und das Vorhandensein von drei unterschiedlichen endohedralen Metallen. Neben der Synthese werden insbesondere die magnetischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Endohedrale Fullerene können sogenannte Einzelmolekülmagnete (single-molecule magnets, SMM) bilden und ihre magnetische Ausrichtung über einen längeren Zeitraum aufrecht erhalten. In Kapitel 4 wird die Synthese und Isolierung von Nitridclusterfullerenen vorgestellt. Neben dem klassischen Ansatz mittels chromatographischer Trennung für La-Sc-Nitridclusterfullerene (Kapitel 4.1) wird eine weitere Trennungsmethode angewandt. Dy-Sc-Nitridclusterfullerene werden hierbei nach der SAFA-Methode und durch Fällungsreaktionen mit Lewis-Säuren isoliert (Kapitel 4.3 und 4.4). Kapitel 5 dieser Arbeit widmet sich der Derivatisierung von Nitridclusterfullerenen. Es werden unterschiedliche Reaktionswege beleuchtet, sowie die Eigenschaften nach den durchgeführten Additionsreaktionen untersucht. Besonderes Augenmerk wird hierbei auf Strukturveränderungen und magnetische Eigenschaften gelegt. Mit Hilfe solcher Funktionalisierungen ist es möglich, endohedrale Clusterfullerene, insbesondere SMM, für verschiedene Anwendungen nutzbar zu machen.

Sport, and particularly soccer, is becoming increasingly professionalised and thus commercialised. Soccer has managed to uphold notable economic growth globally. As affirmation of this growth, both the South African and sport industry experienced tremendous attention and interest during the period 2000 to 2012. Thus, the need for soccer to become formalised, coupled with the increased need for professional management and the implementation of business principles has created an appetite for proper planning and coordination. As a result, strategic planning is becoming indispensable to sport organisations. Organisations that use strategic planning are regarded as being relatively productive, profitable and making better use resources. Large amounts of money are often invested in soccer clubs which renders them prone to huge financial risks if due strategic planning processes and governance structures and processes are not in place. Against this background, this study explored the strategic planning processes of South African Football Association soccer clubs which are at the grassroots level, as these processes inform strategic decision making and growth prospects. A qualitative data collection process in the form of semi-structured interviews was used. A total of 13 club managers (from 12 soccer clubs-two were from one club) participated in the study. Atlas.ti software was used to deductively analyse the data. The findings suggest that the soccer clubs struggle to separate strategic issues from other operational and technical matters, and that soccer clubs generally have low levels of knowledge on strategic planning processes and tools. Recommendations are made to SAFA, government and the private sector to assist grassroots soccer clubs with funding, management training programmes and partnership initiatives. Some of the pressing recommendations are that soccer clubs need to receive education and training in the areas of business management, particularly in the area of strategic management and governance. This can be further accompanied by business coaching and mentoring programmes to ensure that the soccer clubs can be run as professional establishments. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)