Safety training and safety climate are widely researched topics in the area of safety management. Safety training, as one of the safety interventions, is believed to be an antecedent of safety climate improvement within organisations. The rapid advancement in the safety management field has also raised many questions, mainly regarding the roles of safety training and safety climate within organisations. Recent literature has viewed safety climate as a mediating variable between organisational policies and practices (such as safety training) and safety outcomes. Nevertheless, to date far too few attempts have been made to empirically study the impacts and influence of safety training on safety climate change and to subsequently improve safety outcomes over a period of time, especially in developing countries like Malaysia. To facilitate the expansion of current theoretical perspectives, the research attempts to improve our understanding of safety training's impact on achieving a positive safety culture (via safety climate changes), particularly with regard to improved safety outcomes over a period of time. A quantitative approach, using a longitudinal panel design, was employed for the purpose of data collection. The results were based on two data collections carried out in a Malaysian manufacturing plant in 2008 and 2009. The response rate was 83 percent (N=330) in Time 1, 2008 and 98 percent (N=402) in Time 2, 2009. The findings of this study revealed that there was a significant improvement in all safety training impact subscales indicating that employees' perceived their level of safety knowledge and skill transfer, safe work practices, and their understanding of safety and risk to all be higher in Time 2. The findings of this study also revealed significant improvements in the safety climate dimensions related to Management Attitude and Management Action, indicating that the management role has been viewed as crucial in improving and supporting employees' and organisations' safety. Over a period of time the positive correlation between safety training and safety climate became stronger with a significance difference of .005, where in Time 1, r=.740 and in Time 2, r=.745. This finding adds to the theoretical proposition that safety training is an antecedent to improving safety climate. Similarly, safety outcomes have significantly improved over a period of time and have a negative correlation with safety training and safety climate. Overall, the current study has gone some way towards enhancing our understanding of safety training impacts and its influence on safety climate, particularly with regard to the improvement of safety outcomes. However, this study has thrown up a number of questions that are in need of further investigation. The need for further research to investigate the effectiveness of specific safety training intervention with the addition of motivational factors, and its relation to safety climate over a period of time in various industries, remain crucial.

This study examines safety perceptions of manufacturing employees involved in a safety behavioral modification process, and the perceptions of employees who are not involved in the same process, based on the idea that such a process helps to decrease injuries in the workplace. The Neal-Griffin Safety Climate/Safety Performance Instrument was used in a specific workplace to determine if race, gender, age, years of service, union membership, and education affect employees' perceptions of safety in an industrial/manufacturing setting. The results of this quantitative study found that, overall, the vast majority of the workers, regardless of demographic and group membership, provided relatively high survey ratings, which indicate that they had positive perceptions regarding their company's safety procedures and miscellaneous safety issues.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to provide information from field realization of safety audit in industrail company using Self - Audit Handbook for SMEs. In case of significant deficiencies, propose a precaution for improvements in system of control and managemnt of safety.

Magnetic resonance imaging is a major advancement in the diagnostic imaging field. Most patients can tolerate an MRI however, there are some who are unable to complete a lengthy scan while lying completely still without sedatives or anesthesia. Non-MRI healthcare providers are trained to use equipment that is “unsafe” in the MRI suite due to the strong magnetic field. Staff who are not fully knowledgeable and trained in MRI safety measures can endanger staff and patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge level of non-MRI healthcare providers regarding safety risks associated with MRI and to determine their level of satisfaction regarding the MRI safety training they received. This study concluded that non-MRI healthcare providers are knowledgeable about most of the safety hazards. They are satisfied with annual training but would like more in-depth material added to their current learning modules.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The ability to improve the safety of patient care delivery is dependent on the safety culture, or the norms surrounding reactions following an error, the learning that takes place, and the proactive strategies in place to prevent future errors. While measurement of patient safety culture is now common in the United States (US) using instrument specifically developed for US healthcare organizations, no measurements of safety culture had been conducted at Hamad Medical Corporation in the State of Qatar, a Middle Eastern country; nor were valid or reliable instruments available. The purpose of this study was to assess registered nurses’ perceptions of the safety culture in the units where they provide nursing care at Hamad Medical Corporation using a modified version of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) patient safety culture an instrument (Hospital Survey of Patient Safety Culture). Eight hundred surveys were distributed to all randomly-selected nurses from eight targeted clinical services with a response rate of 57%. Survey results were compared with those from US hospitals using the original AHRQ survey. Ranking of subscales for this study in terms of strengths and areas needing improvement were almost identical to the ordering of US hospital results, with teamwork within units ranked highest and indicating a strength; and the subscale non-punitive response to error the lowest and indicating an area for improvement. Positive response rates in terms of safety culture for this study were generally lower on most subscales compared to the US results and may reflect the intensity of patient safety improvement activity in the US over the last eight years in response to the Institute of Medicine’s report on medical errors in 1999. Results from this study provide a baseline measurement for safety culture at Hamad Medical Corporation and beginning adaptation of an instrument that can be used in other Middle Eastern healthcare organizations in the future.

No / Introduction Patients represent an important and as yet untapped source of information about the factors that contribute to the safety of their care. The aim of the current study is to test the reliability and validity of the Patient Measure of Safety (PMOS), a brief patient-completed questionnaire that allows hospitals to proactively identify areas of safety concern and vulnerability, and to intervene before incidents occur. Methods 297 patients from 11 hospital wards completed the PMOS questionnaire during their stay; 25 completed a second 1 week later. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) safety culture survey was completed by 190 staff on 10 of these wards. Factor structure, internal reliability, test-retest reliability, discriminant validity and convergent validity were assessed. Results Factor analyses revealed 8 key domains of safety (eg, communication and team work, access to resources, staff roles and responsibilities) explaining 58% variance of the original questionnaire. Cronbach’s α (range 0.66–0.89) and test-retest reliability (r=0.75) were good. The PMOS positive index significantly correlated with staff reported ‘perceptions of patient safety’ (r=0.79) and ‘patient safety grade’ (r=−0.81) outcomes from the AHRQ (demonstrating convergent validity). A multivariate analysis of variance (MAMOVA) revealed that three PMOS factors and one retained single item discriminated significantly across the 11 wards. Discussion The PMOS is the first patient questionnaire used to assess factors contributing to safety in hospital settings from a patient perspective. It has demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity. Such information is useful to help hospitals/units proactively improve the safety of their care.

Food safety has rarely been discussed in the literature on food education. In this study, Zambian parents of children in kindergarten, primary, and secondary were asked about their beliefs and other factors that influence their food safety behaviors and how these behaviors in turn impact their children. Qualitative interviews with 20 participants were recorded and coded. The analysis showed that parents were well informed on basic food safety practices, but several forces impacted how food safety was practiced and learned by school children in their homes and in school settings. The Innocenti Framework by Raza et al. (2020) was used to highlight areas in which parental experiences attempt to influence food choice in children. These forces were food allergies, experience with foodborne illnesses, access to information, cholera and COVID-19, social infrastructures, and curriculum structure. These forces impacted the decisions parents made in both their external and personal food environments as parents made decisions that were appropriate for their homes and based on what they could afford. This study provides a brief of what food safety looks like in the homes of Zambian parents in Lusaka. In the future, it would be beneficial for researchers to develop food safety educational interventions that are reflexive and appropriate to the local contexts within which they are intended to be applied. / Doctor of Philosophy / Food safety education or food hygiene education is rarely written about in the literature. Food hygiene affects everyone since all people need to eat. Lack of proper food hygiene can result in sickness. This study was about the beliefs and behaviors related to food hygiene of Zambian parents who have children in kindergarten, primary, and secondary. The study specifically researched how these parents attempt to influence their children's food hygiene behaviors by asking parents about food behaviors in their homes and at restaurants. The results from the study showed that Zambian parents are well informed on how to practice food hygiene but do not always have the resources such as time, finances, information to practice it. Things such as curriculum, the government, information that is available to parents, cholera and COVID-19, all informed how well parents practice food hygiene and how they try to influence their children. Researchers in the future can develop food hygiene projects that are mindful of the things that prevent Zambians, and even parents from other contexts from practicing food hygiene.

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It is recognised that as with any other risk; health, safety and environment issues require an integrated management system to comprehensively and sustainably manage the risks in the workplace. However to move beyond the paper based systems, ultimately require a behavioural change that can only be achieved through a culture change that continually re-invents itself and that motivates staff (human beings) to intrinsically do the right thing every day, every time and without any overseer. This study focuses on the critical success factors for the practical implementation of a safety culture improvement initiative in South Africa.

The storage of pressure liquefied gas in vessels is subject to various regulations and codes of practice. For example, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), a commercially relevant product, is subject to Health and Safety Executive Guidelines regarding cylinder/tank arrangements and spacing. In the event of an incident involving fire, the internal pressure and shell temperature of an LPG vessel will rise, and the weakening of steel at elevated temperatures can result in the structural failure of the shell. This can be avoided by the fitting of pressure relief valves, which vent material at a pre-set pressure. However, an ignited release can create a high velocity jet flame which, because of significant radiative and convective components, can generate intense, localised heat loads on neighbouring vessels or pipe-work. However, existing codes of practice have no special provision for the possibility of jet fire incidents. Owing to a lack of detailed information on the thermal response of a LPG vessel exposed to jet flame impingement, a series of laboratory scale tests with simulated, localised jet fire impingement on the exterior shell of a pressure vessel was required. The thermal response and the effects of key parameters, Le. fill level, magnitude of heated zone (Le. size and intensity) and position of simulated impingement, could then be examined for the part-validation of a suitable computer model. In addition, these studies could be used to interpret the results from concurrent full scale jet fire impingement trials. An appropriate pressure vessel was constructed to standard design codes, which incorporated a vent line and dump tank. A suitable LPG substitute was selected. Results from the studies indicated that mixing, and therefore thermal stratification, was highly dependent on the size of the heated zone and its position in relation to the liquid/vapour interface. High Speed Micro-Cinematography was successfully employed to film individual bubble streams within the vessel and to measure individual bubble sizes and velocities for various experimental configurations. Studies were also made on the venting characteristics. Sudden pressure relief caused severe agitation of the liquid phase and the breakdown of thermal stratification. In addition, swelling and aerosol generation through homogenous boiling within the liquid phase was observed. Comparisons with the nodal computer model revealed that the use of only single vapour and liquid nodes was a poor approximation to the detail observed in the small scale studies, where the incident heat flux was relatively low and the simulated region of impingement was highly localised. However, the bulk liquid and vapour temperatures and the pressure response up to the time of venting was generally well predicted. As the degree of engulfment increased the model became a better approximation. Although the full scale trials employed an almost fully engulfing jet flame rather than point source impingement, comparisons have allowed understanding of the liquid and vapour thermal gradients, and the subsequent breakdown of these during venting.