Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a type of radar system that can generate high-resolution images with which one can detect subtle changes on the scale of centimetres from space. It can operate in any weather condition and during both day and night, making it unique compared to optical sensors. SAR is used for applications such as environmental monitoring, surveillance, and earth observation. Its ability to penetrate clouds and, to some extent, vegetation, allows for insights into terrain, vegetation structure, and even subsurface features. The importance of modelling the generated data of a SAR system before initiating the construction and development of it cannot be overstated. This thesis presents the implementation of the Reverse BackProjection Algorithm (RBPA) designed to generate raw SAR data efficiently and accurately. The RBPA stands out with its flexibility, enabling researchers and designers to simulate and gauge the SAR system's effectiveness under diverse scenarios. This provides an easy way of fine-tuning configurations for distinct needs concerning scene geometries, orbits, and radar designs. Two versions of the RBPA were implemented, differing slightly in the theoretical approach of azimuth defocusing. On top of this, a bistatic mode and Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans (TOPS) acquisition mode was also implemented. The inclusion of these two modes were specifically due to their relevance for the upcoming European Space Agency (ESA) SAR mission, Harmony. The addition of the TOPS mode required a comprehensive design of the antenna framework. Moreover, this implementation also paves the way for simpler integration of modes in the future. The two versions of the RBPA were profiled, revealing the optimal system and parameter configurations.

Η παρούσα διατριβή είχε σαν κύριο στόχο την ανάλυση και επεξεργασία των δεδομένων SAR υπό το πρίσμα του περιεχομένου υφής για την ανίχνευση περιοχών με περιβαλλοντικές αλλοιώσεις όπως είναι οι παράνομες εναποθέσεις απορριμμάτων. Τα δεδομένα που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν προέρχονταν από τον δορυφόρο ENVISAT και το όργανο ASAR του Ευρωπαϊκού Οργανισμού Διαστήματος με διακριτική ικανότητα 12.5m και 30m για τις λειτουργίες μονής και διπλής πολικότητας αντίστοιχα καθώς και από τον δορυφόρο Terra-SAR με διακριτική ικανότητα 3m και HH πολικότητα. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν κλασσικές τεχνικές ανάλυσης και ταξινόμησης υφής όπως GLCM, Markov Random Fields, Gabor Filters και Neural Networks. Η μελέτη προσανατολίστηκε στην ανάπτυξη νέων μεθόδων ταξινόμησης υφής για αυξημένη αποτελεσματικότητα. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν δεδομένα πολυφασματικά και SAR. Για τα πολυφασματικά δεδομένα προτάθηκε η χρήση της spectral co-occurrence ως χαρακτηριστικό υφής που χρησιμοποιεί πληροφορία φασματικού περιεχομένου. Για τα δεδομένα SAR αναπτύχθηκε μία νέα μέθοδος ταξινόμησης η οποία βασίζεται σε συνήθεις περιγραφείς υφής (GLCM, Gabor, MRF) οι οποίοι μελετώνται για την ικανότητά τους να διαχωρίζουν ζεύγη μεταξύ τάξεων. Για κάθε ζεύγος τάξεων προκύπτουν χαρακτηριστικά υφής που βασίζονται στις στατιστικές ιδιότητες της cumulative καθώς και της πρώτης και δεύτερης τάξης αυτής. Η μέθοδος leave one out χρησιμοποιείται για τον εντοπισμό των χαρακτηριστικών που μπορούν να διαχωρίσουν τα δείγματα ανά ζεύγη τάξεων στα οποία αντιστοιχίζεται και ένας ξεχωριστός και ανεξάρτητος γραμμικός ταξινομητής. Η τελική ταξινόμηση γίνεται με τη μέθοδο της πλειοψηφίας η οποία εφαρμόζεται στο πρόβλημα των δύο τάξεων και τριών τάξεων αλλά επεκτείνεται και στο πρόβλημα των N-τάξεων δεδομένης της ύπαρξης κατάλληλων χαρακτηριστικών. / Texture characteristics of MERIS data based on the Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrices (GLCM) are explored as far as their classification capabilities are concerned. Classification is employed in order to reveal four different land cover types, namely: water, forest, field and urban areas. The classification performance for each cover type is studied separately on each spectral band, while the combined performance of the most promising spectral bands is explored. In addition to GLCM, spectral co-occurrence matrices (SCM) formed by measuring the transition from band-to-band are employed for improving classification results. Conventional classifiers and voting techniques are used for the classification stage. Furthermore, the properties of texture characteristics are explored on various types of grayscale or RGB representations of the multispectral data, obtained by means of principal components analysis (PCA), non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) and information theory. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed classification approach is compared with that of the minimum distance classifier. A simple and effective classification method is furthermore proposed for remote sensed data that is based on a majority voting schema. We propose a feature selection procedure for exhaustive search of occurrence measures resulting from fundamental textural descriptors such as Co-occurrence matrices, Gabor filters and Markov Random Fields. In the proposed method occurrence measures, that are named texture densities, are reduced to the local cumulative function of the texture representation and only those that can linearly separate pairs of classes are used in the classification stage, thus ensuring high classification accuracy and reliability. Experiments performed on SAR data of high resolution and on a Brodatz texture database have given more than 90% classification accuracy with reliability above 95%.

A time-domain backprojection processor for airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been developed at the University of Massachusetts’ Microwave Remote Sensing Lab (MIRSL). The aim of this work is to produce a SAR processor capable of addressing the motion compensation issues faced by frequency-domain processing algorithms, in order to create well focused SAR imagery suitable for interferometry. The time-domain backprojection algorithm inherently compensates for non-linear platform motion, dependent on the availability of accurate measurements of the motion. The implementation must manage the relatively high computational burden of the backprojection algorithm, which is done using modern graphics processing units (GPUs), programmed with NVIDIA’s CUDA language. An implementation of the Non-Equispaced Fast Fourier Transform (NERFFT) is used to enable efficient and accurate range interpolation as a critical step of the processing. The phase of time- domain processed imagery is dif erent than that of frequency-domain imagery, leading to a potentially different approach to interferometry. This general purpose SAR processor is designed to work with a novel, dual-frequency S- and Ka-band radar system developed at MIRSL as well as the UAVSAR instrument developed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. These instruments represent a wide range of SAR system parameters, ensuring the ability of the processor to work with most any airborne SAR. Results are presented from these two systems, showing good performance of the processor itself.