La polymérase d'A.R.N. la protéine obligatoire (le RbpA) est l'activateur transcriptional global (mondial) de l'espèce actinomycetes qui est essentielle pour la croissance et qu'augmente la tolérance de bactéries aux antibiotiques. RbpA de la tuberculose Mycobacterium (Mtb) stimule spécifiquement la transcription par la polymérase d'A.R.N. (RNAP) contenant σA ou les sous-unités σB, mais aucune de la 11 autre alternative σ des facteurs. Il a été rapporté que le fonctionnement de RbpA est dépendant de promoteur et c'est indispensable pour le déroulement de promoteur du promoteur sigAP constitutif.Pour déchiffrer la nature de spécificité de promoteur de RbpA, nous avons utilisé des essais biochimiques, mutagensis et des approches de génomique. Nous avons identifié ce remplacement 'TG' le motif entre-14 à-17 positions (postes) dans le promoteur sauvage-type sigAP fait la transcription indépendante de RbpA. Aussi, nous avons montré que la capacité d'augmentations de RbpA de RNAP pour fondre le promoteur sigAP aux températures sous-optimales et stabilise des complexes de promoteur. Mutational l'analyse de résidus d'acide aminé H166 et E169 dans la région σB 3.0 (σR3.0) a démontré une implication de σR3.0 dans la stabilisation RbpA-servie-d'intermédiaire de complexes de promoteur RNAP. Plus loin, la substitution à RbpA au résidu d'acide aminé R79 a affecté la stabilité complexe de promoteur, tandis que les substitutions à RbpA resdiues K73, K74 a affecté l'initiation de transcription. Cependant, aucun des mutants RbpA n'a étudié l'ouverture ici affectée de l'ADN de promoteur par RNAP. Les rôles différentiels joués par ces résidus RbpA dans la stabilisation de complexe de promoteur et l'initiation de transcription ensemble avec l'effet produit par les mutations σB suggèrent l'implication de R3.0 σB dans l'action de RbpA. Ensuite, nous avons exécuté la large de génome cartographie des gènes RbpA-dépendants du σB regulon en utilisant une Analyse de Puce à ADN de Finale(d'Écoulement) in vitro (des ROMS). L'analyse ROM a montré la preuve claire de 15 augmentation de pli du nombre de gènes activés par σB-RNAP en présence de RbpA. L'analyse de bio-informatique de 140 gènes contrôlés par la paire de RbpA-σB nous a permis d'identifier la signature caractéristique dans le-10 consensus ('TANNNT') spécifique à la sous-unité σB.Notre étude sur l'impact d'échelle de génome de RbpA, ensemble avec le déchiffrement du mécanisme moléculaire d'action de RbpA, souligne une importance de l'interaction entre σR3.0 et RbpA dans la transcription Mtb. Basé sur nos résultats nous proposons que RbpA puisse jouer un rôle du remplacement(remplaçant) fonctionnel pour-10 motifs prolongés(étendus) dans l'espèce mycobacterium. / RNA polymerase binding protein A (RbpA) is global transcriptional activator from actinomycetes species which is essential for growth and which increases tolerance of bacteria to antibiotics. RbpA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) specifically stimulates transcription by RNA polymerase (RNAP) containing either the σA or σB subunits but none of the other 11 alternative σ factors. It has been reported that the functioning of RbpA is promoter-dependent and it is indispensible for promoter unwinding of the constitutive sigAP promoter. To decipher the nature of promoter specificity of RbpA, we used biochemical assays, mutagensis and genomics approaches. We found that placing ‘TG-motif' between -14 to -17 positions in sigAP wild-type promoter makes transcription independent of RbpA. Also, we have shown that RbpA increases ability of RNAP to melt sigAP promoter at sub-optimal temperatures and stabilises promoter complexes. Mutational analysis of amino acid residues H166 and E169 in the σB region 3.0 (σR3.0), interacting with TG-motif, demonstrated an implication of σR3.0 in RbpA-mediated stabilisation of RNAP promoter complexes. Substitution in RbpA at amino acid residue R79 affected the promoter-complex stability, while the substitutions at RbpA resdiues K73, K74 affected the transcription initiation. However, none of the RbpA mutants studied here affected opening of the promoter DNA. The differential roles played by these RbpA residues in promoter complex stabilization and transcription initiation together with the effect produced by the σB mutations suggest the implication of σR3.0 in RbpA action. Next, we performed genome-wide cartography of the RbpA-dependent genes from the σB regulon by using an in vitro RunOff Microarray Analysis (ROMA). ROMA analysis has shown clear evidence of 15 fold increase in the number of genes activated by σB-RNAP in the presence of RbpA. Bioinformatics analysis of 140 genes controlled by RbpA-σB pair allowed us to identify characteristic signature in the -10 consensus (‘TANNNT’) specific to σB subunit. Our study underlines an importance of the interplay between σR3.0 and RbpA in Mtb transcription. Based on our results we propose that RbpA may play a role of functional replacement for TG-motif of the extended -10 elements in mycobacterium species.

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a type of radar system that can generate high-resolution images with which one can detect subtle changes on the scale of centimetres from space. It can operate in any weather condition and during both day and night, making it unique compared to optical sensors. SAR is used for applications such as environmental monitoring, surveillance, and earth observation. Its ability to penetrate clouds and, to some extent, vegetation, allows for insights into terrain, vegetation structure, and even subsurface features. The importance of modelling the generated data of a SAR system before initiating the construction and development of it cannot be overstated. This thesis presents the implementation of the Reverse BackProjection Algorithm (RBPA) designed to generate raw SAR data efficiently and accurately. The RBPA stands out with its flexibility, enabling researchers and designers to simulate and gauge the SAR system's effectiveness under diverse scenarios. This provides an easy way of fine-tuning configurations for distinct needs concerning scene geometries, orbits, and radar designs. Two versions of the RBPA were implemented, differing slightly in the theoretical approach of azimuth defocusing. On top of this, a bistatic mode and Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans (TOPS) acquisition mode was also implemented. The inclusion of these two modes were specifically due to their relevance for the upcoming European Space Agency (ESA) SAR mission, Harmony. The addition of the TOPS mode required a comprehensive design of the antenna framework. Moreover, this implementation also paves the way for simpler integration of modes in the future. The two versions of the RBPA were profiled, revealing the optimal system and parameter configurations.

RNA polymerase binding protein A (RbpA) was first discovered as a RNA polymerase binding protein from Streptomyces. coelicolor. It was shown to cause rifampicin tolerance to RNA polymerase in vitro and leads to basal level of rifampicin resistance in vivo. This protein is exclusively present in the actinobacteria family with the nearest neighbour in mycobacteria. When null mutant of RbpA in S. coelicolor were transformed with the rbpA gene from Mycobacterium tuberculosis the resistance level of rifampicin increased from 0.75 µgml-1 to 2 µg ml-1 suggesting analogous role of MtbRbpA (RbpA from M. tuberculosis). MsRbpA, RbpA from Mycobacterium smegmatis was found to interact with the β-subunit of RNAP and its binding location on M. smegmatis RNAP was shown to be 18 Å from the (i+1) site. MsRbpA was also shown to rescue the inhibitory effect of rifampicin in vitro. Furthermore, overexpression of MsRbpA in wild type M. smegmatis resulted in the increase in the MIC of rifampicin to 85 µg ml-1 from 20 µg ml-1, which is the MIC of rifampicin for the wild type M. smegmatis. On the other hand, MsRbpA was unable to augment transcription in the presence of rifampicin when the reaction was catalysed by rifampicin resistant RNAP. Recent reports have shown that MtbRbpA enhances the affinity σA to core RNAP thereby activates transcription. The N and C-termini of MtbRbpA interact with σA while the C-terminal region of MtbRbpA is required for the oligomerisation of MtbRbpA. However M. tuberculosis and S. coleicolor are part of same family actinobacteria, RbpA is essential for the former while it is dispensable in the later case.This work focuses on characterisation of rifampicin resistant RNAP from M. smegmatis and elaborates on the roles played by MsRbpA. These include its effect on transcription activation, transcription rescue, its role in RNAP promoter closed and open complex formation, characterisation of its site of interaction with RNAP and σA, finding critical functional residues and establishing the essentiality of MsRbpA in M. smegmatis. Chapter 1 deals with the literature survey on structure of bacterial RNAP, promoters, sigma factors, RNAP inhibitors, transcriptional activators with the emphasis on the Mycobacteria. Chapter 2 summarises the identification of the mutations in rpoB gene from the rifampicin resistant (RifR) mutant strains of M. smegmatis, purification of RNAP from these strain, determining IC50 values of these RifR RNAP for rifampicin, finding kinetic parameters for the interaction of RifR RNAP with 3-formyl rifampicin and evaluating their interaction with MsRbpA. Chapter 3 describes the function of MsRbpA in transcription initiation, particularly its role in RNAP-promoter closed and open complex formation. Furthermore, this chapter throws light on the role of MsRbpA in transcription activation vis a vis its effects on transcription rescue from the inhibitory effect of rifampicin. Chapter 4 elucidates the function of a segment of MsRbpA from Arg58 to Lys 73 in activation of transcription activity, transcription rescue from the inhibitory effect of rifampicin and its interaction with σA and core RNAP. Furthermore, the alanine scanning of the region and subsequent in vitro transcription studies revealed four important residues required for MsRbpA functions. Chapter 5 describes the generation of conditional knock down strain of MsRbpA in M. smegmatis and establishing its essentiality. Chapter 6 summarizes the work documented in the thesis.