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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

ATMP Process : Improved Energy Efficiency in TMP Refining Utilizing Selective Wood Disintegration and Targeted Application of Chemicals

Gorski, Dmitri January 2011 (has links)
This thesis is focused on the novel wood chip refining process called AdvancedThermomechanical Pulp (ATMP) refining. ATMP consists of mechanical pretreatmentof chips in Impressafiner and Fiberizer prior to first stage refining atincreased intensity. Process chemicals (this study was concentrated on hydrogenperoxide and magnesium hydroxide) are introduced into the first stage refiner.It is known that the use of chemicals in TMP process and first stage refining atelevated intensity can reduce the energy demands of refining. The downside is thatthey also alter the character of the produced pulp. Reductions in fibre length andtear index are usually the consequences of refining at elevated intensity. Additionof chemicals usually leads to reduction of the light scattering coefficient. Usingstatistical methods it was shown that it is possible to maintain the TMP character ofthe pulp using the ATMP process. This is explained by a separation of thedefibration and the fibre development phases in refining. This separation allowsdefibration of chips to fibres and fibre bundles without addition of chemicals orincrease in refining intensity. Chemicals are applied in the fibre developmentphase only (first stage refiner). The energy demand in refining to reach tensileindex of 25 Nm/g was reduced by up to 1.1 MWh/odt (42 %) using the ATMPprocess on Loblolly pine. The energy demand in refining of White spruce, requiredto reach tensile index of 30 Nm/g, was reduced by 0.65 MWh/odt (37%).Characterizations of individual fibre properties, properties of sheets made fromlong fibre fractions and model fibre sheets with different fines fractions werecarried out. It was established that both the process equipment configuration (i.e.the mechanical pre‐treatment and the elevated refining intensity) and the additionof process chemicals in the ATMP process influence fibre properties such as external and internal fibrillation as well as the amount of split fibres. Improvementof these properties translated into improved properties of sheets, made from thelong fibre fractions of the studied pulps. The quality of the fines fraction alsoimproved. However, the mechanisms of improvement in the fines quality seem tobe different for fines, generated using improved process configuration andaddition of process chemicals. The first type of fines contributed to better bondingof model long fibre sheets through the densification of the structure. Fines whichhave been influenced by the addition of the process chemicals seemed in additionto improve bonding between long fibres by enhancing the specific bond strength.The improved fibre and fines properties also translated into better airpermeability and surface roughness of paper sheets, properties which areespecially important for supercalendered (SC) printing paper. The magnitude offibre roughening after moistening was mainly influenced by the processequipment configuration while the addition of process chemicals yielded lowestfinal surface roughness due to the lowest initial surface roughness. There was nodifference in how fines fractions from the studied processes influenced the fibreroughening. However, fines with better bonding yielded model fibre sheets withhigher PPS, probably due to their consolidation around fibre joints. Hence, thedecrease in PPS can probably be attributed to the improvements in the long fibrefraction properties while the improvement of fines quality contributed to thereduction of air permeability.The process chemicals, utilized in the ATMP process (Mg(OH)2 and H2O2) alsoproved to be an effective bleaching system. Comparable increases in brightnesscould be reached using the ATMP process and conventional tower bleaching.Maximum brightness of the pulp was reached after approximately 10 minutes ofhigh‐consistency storage after refining or 40 minutes of conventional bleaching.This study was conducted using a pilot scale refiner system operated as a batchprocess. Most of the experiments were performed using White spruce (Piceaglauca). In Paper I, Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) was used. It is believed that theresults presented in this thesis are valid for other softwood raw materials as well,but this limitation should be considered.
2

Felkällor och systematiska avvikelser i kvalitetsuppföljningen av tidnings- och journalpapper / Sources of error and systematic deviation in following up of quality in news- and journal paper

Bergendahl, Rikard January 2008 (has links)
<p>I papperstillverkning ställs det krav inte bara på kvalité och kvantitet utan också att stickprov från produktion utförs och tas hand om på ett korrekt sätt. Från det att ett stickprov tas ut och undersöks på brukets laboratorium kan en del källor till förändringar på provresultatet uppstå. Sådana förändringar kan uppstå för det första vid hanteringen av stickprov från pappersmaskin och provens transportering till laboratoriet och för det andra vid laboratoriets hantering och uppföljning av kvalitén. En annan faktor som kan påverka stickproven är klimatet. Årstiderna vår och höst är de tider som proverna kan påverkas mest. Prover undersöks med jämna mellanrum från färdigt papper och används till kalibrering av on-line mätning på pappersmaskin. Vissa av provresultaten skickas direkt till kunden i form av ett analyscertifikat.</p><p>I detta examensarbete var syftet att analysera vissa felkällor i provhanteringen och vad klimatet hade för påverkan på provresultatet. Det undersöktes hur varierande klimatförhållanden på pappersmaskin kunde påverka provresultaten för prov som undersöktes direkt på laboratoriet. Resultat från de proven har sen jämförts med prov som konditionerades en tid på laboratoriet i ett fast klimat (23°C, 50 % RH). Prov konditionerades både efter att provet tagits ut direkt och efter att provet hade legat uppe i maskinhallen under en längre tid. I arbetet ingick det att årstider skulle simuleras och det utfördes på Stora Enso Research Center i Falun i ett speciellt klimatrum. Klimaten som papper undersöktes i då var extremt torrt och extremt fuktigt och dessa resultat jämfördes med resultat från normalt provtagningsklimat.</p><p>Papperskvalitéerna som undersöktes var 45 g/m2 standard tidningspapper från PM 11 och 52 g/m2 SC-papper (obestruket journalpapper) från Kvarnsvedens nya maskin PM 12. Det som undersöktes var de kritiska parametrarna där det föreligger risk för att papper måste kasseras. De kritiska egenskaperna som har kassaktionsgräns är ytvikt, ljushet, nyans och i även vissa fall ytråhet och rivstyrka.</p><p>Resultaten visade att vid extrema klimatförhållanden från undersökningen på Stora Enso Research Center hade många prover påverkats till den grad att de hade lett till kassaktion. För SC-papper var ytråheten den egenskap som var mest kritisk vid extremt torrt klimat och vid fuktigt klimat var ytvikt den mest känsliga egenskapen. För standard tidningspapper var ytvikt och rivstyrka de egenskaper som påverkades mest av extremt klimat och pappret hade fått kasseras vid både extremt torrt och fuktigt klimat.</p><p>Vid undersökningen på Kvarnsveden visade resultaten att fukthalten i pappret påverkades mer än vad papprets övriga egenskaper gjorde. Förändringarna i papprets övriga egenskaper var endast marginella och höll sig inom respektive gränsvärde för kassaktion. Nyans och de andra optiska egenskaperna hade marginella förändringar för både varierande och extrema klimatförhållanden och förändringarna kan i de flesta fall anses försumbara för produktionen.</p><p>I de fall där det råder extrema klimatförhållanden som det kan göra vid vissa årstider är det mycket viktigt att operatörens hantering av stickprov sker på ett korrekt sätt. Då gäller det att stickproverna skickas ner till laboratoriet så snabbt som möjligt där påverkan är mindre än vad den kan vara inne i maskinhallen.</p> / <p>In paper production demands are set not only on quality and quantity, but it is also required that samples from the production are taken out and handled in a correct way. From the moment when a sample is taken out and up to the point when it is examined in the laboratory of the mill, a number of factors may affect the sample and thus the test result. Such changes can arise from the handling of samples from the paper machine and the transport of the samples to the laboratory and also from the handling of the samples in the laboratory. Another factor that can influence the samples is the climate and the seasons spring and autumn is the times when the samples are influenced most. Samples are examined with even intervals from finished papers and is used for calibration of on-line measurement on the paper machine and some of the sample results are sent directly to the costumer in the form of an analysis certificate.</p><p>The purpose of this project was to analyze certain error sources in the sample handling and the impact of the climate on the sample result. It was examined how varying climates on the paper machine could influence the sample results for samples that were examined directly and compared with samples that were conditioned for one hour on the laboratory in a permanent climate (23°C, 50% RH). Samples that were conditioned were either taken directly to the lab or left by the paper machine for an extended period of time. In the work, it was included that seasons would be simulated and it was carried out on Stora Enso Research centre in Falun in a climate room. The climates that papers were examined in then were extreme dry and extreme damp and these results were compared with results from normal climate for testing paper.</p><p>The paper qualities that were examined where 45 g/m2 standard newspaper from papermachine 11 and 52 g/m2 SC-paper (uncoated journal papers) from the new papermachine 12 in Kvarnsveden. What were examined were the critical parameters were it exists risk to rejection of papers. The critical properties that have a limit when the papers are rejected are grammage, ISO-brightness and nuance and in certain cases also roughness and tear strength.</p><p>The results showed that at extreme climate relations from the studies on Stora Enso Research centre samples had been influenced to that degree that many of the samples had to be rejected. For SC-paper roughness was the property that was most critical at extremely dry climate and at damp climate the grammage was the most sensitive property. Standard newspaper was very sensitive at both extremely damp and dry climates for grammage and tearing strength.</p><p>The study on Kvarnsveden showed that the moisture content in the paper was influenced more than the other properties but its changes were only marginal and within the respective limit for rejection. Nuance and the other optic properties had only marginal changes for both varying and extreme climates and the changes can in most cases be considered negligible for the production.</p><p>In those cases when there are extreme climates, like during certain seasons, it is very important that the operator handles the samples correctly. Then, it is important that the samples are sent down to the laboratory as fast as possible where the impact is smaller than if the samples stay in the machine room.</p>
3

Felkällor och systematiska avvikelser i kvalitetsuppföljningen av tidnings- och journalpapper / Sources of error and systematic deviation in following up of quality in news- and journal paper

Bergendahl, Rikard January 2008 (has links)
I papperstillverkning ställs det krav inte bara på kvalité och kvantitet utan också att stickprov från produktion utförs och tas hand om på ett korrekt sätt. Från det att ett stickprov tas ut och undersöks på brukets laboratorium kan en del källor till förändringar på provresultatet uppstå. Sådana förändringar kan uppstå för det första vid hanteringen av stickprov från pappersmaskin och provens transportering till laboratoriet och för det andra vid laboratoriets hantering och uppföljning av kvalitén. En annan faktor som kan påverka stickproven är klimatet. Årstiderna vår och höst är de tider som proverna kan påverkas mest. Prover undersöks med jämna mellanrum från färdigt papper och används till kalibrering av on-line mätning på pappersmaskin. Vissa av provresultaten skickas direkt till kunden i form av ett analyscertifikat. I detta examensarbete var syftet att analysera vissa felkällor i provhanteringen och vad klimatet hade för påverkan på provresultatet. Det undersöktes hur varierande klimatförhållanden på pappersmaskin kunde påverka provresultaten för prov som undersöktes direkt på laboratoriet. Resultat från de proven har sen jämförts med prov som konditionerades en tid på laboratoriet i ett fast klimat (23°C, 50 % RH). Prov konditionerades både efter att provet tagits ut direkt och efter att provet hade legat uppe i maskinhallen under en längre tid. I arbetet ingick det att årstider skulle simuleras och det utfördes på Stora Enso Research Center i Falun i ett speciellt klimatrum. Klimaten som papper undersöktes i då var extremt torrt och extremt fuktigt och dessa resultat jämfördes med resultat från normalt provtagningsklimat. Papperskvalitéerna som undersöktes var 45 g/m2 standard tidningspapper från PM 11 och 52 g/m2 SC-papper (obestruket journalpapper) från Kvarnsvedens nya maskin PM 12. Det som undersöktes var de kritiska parametrarna där det föreligger risk för att papper måste kasseras. De kritiska egenskaperna som har kassaktionsgräns är ytvikt, ljushet, nyans och i även vissa fall ytråhet och rivstyrka. Resultaten visade att vid extrema klimatförhållanden från undersökningen på Stora Enso Research Center hade många prover påverkats till den grad att de hade lett till kassaktion. För SC-papper var ytråheten den egenskap som var mest kritisk vid extremt torrt klimat och vid fuktigt klimat var ytvikt den mest känsliga egenskapen. För standard tidningspapper var ytvikt och rivstyrka de egenskaper som påverkades mest av extremt klimat och pappret hade fått kasseras vid både extremt torrt och fuktigt klimat. Vid undersökningen på Kvarnsveden visade resultaten att fukthalten i pappret påverkades mer än vad papprets övriga egenskaper gjorde. Förändringarna i papprets övriga egenskaper var endast marginella och höll sig inom respektive gränsvärde för kassaktion. Nyans och de andra optiska egenskaperna hade marginella förändringar för både varierande och extrema klimatförhållanden och förändringarna kan i de flesta fall anses försumbara för produktionen. I de fall där det råder extrema klimatförhållanden som det kan göra vid vissa årstider är det mycket viktigt att operatörens hantering av stickprov sker på ett korrekt sätt. Då gäller det att stickproverna skickas ner till laboratoriet så snabbt som möjligt där påverkan är mindre än vad den kan vara inne i maskinhallen. / In paper production demands are set not only on quality and quantity, but it is also required that samples from the production are taken out and handled in a correct way. From the moment when a sample is taken out and up to the point when it is examined in the laboratory of the mill, a number of factors may affect the sample and thus the test result. Such changes can arise from the handling of samples from the paper machine and the transport of the samples to the laboratory and also from the handling of the samples in the laboratory. Another factor that can influence the samples is the climate and the seasons spring and autumn is the times when the samples are influenced most. Samples are examined with even intervals from finished papers and is used for calibration of on-line measurement on the paper machine and some of the sample results are sent directly to the costumer in the form of an analysis certificate. The purpose of this project was to analyze certain error sources in the sample handling and the impact of the climate on the sample result. It was examined how varying climates on the paper machine could influence the sample results for samples that were examined directly and compared with samples that were conditioned for one hour on the laboratory in a permanent climate (23°C, 50% RH). Samples that were conditioned were either taken directly to the lab or left by the paper machine for an extended period of time. In the work, it was included that seasons would be simulated and it was carried out on Stora Enso Research centre in Falun in a climate room. The climates that papers were examined in then were extreme dry and extreme damp and these results were compared with results from normal climate for testing paper. The paper qualities that were examined where 45 g/m2 standard newspaper from papermachine 11 and 52 g/m2 SC-paper (uncoated journal papers) from the new papermachine 12 in Kvarnsveden. What were examined were the critical parameters were it exists risk to rejection of papers. The critical properties that have a limit when the papers are rejected are grammage, ISO-brightness and nuance and in certain cases also roughness and tear strength. The results showed that at extreme climate relations from the studies on Stora Enso Research centre samples had been influenced to that degree that many of the samples had to be rejected. For SC-paper roughness was the property that was most critical at extremely dry climate and at damp climate the grammage was the most sensitive property. Standard newspaper was very sensitive at both extremely damp and dry climates for grammage and tearing strength. The study on Kvarnsveden showed that the moisture content in the paper was influenced more than the other properties but its changes were only marginal and within the respective limit for rejection. Nuance and the other optic properties had only marginal changes for both varying and extreme climates and the changes can in most cases be considered negligible for the production. In those cases when there are extreme climates, like during certain seasons, it is very important that the operator handles the samples correctly. Then, it is important that the samples are sent down to the laboratory as fast as possible where the impact is smaller than if the samples stay in the machine room.

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