Name: : The difference of consumption of a medium being inhaled between a man and a woman at the same level of endurance in scuba diving. Goals: The primary goal of this work, is to determine if and how is the amount of the inhaled medium depending on the gender of the divers. Compare the consumption between men and women while being faced with the same amount of stress, meaning during a united profile of a dive, try to maximize the decrease of the influence of stress factors. Confirm or deny the hypothesis that men show higher values of the inhaled medium. Methods: The theoretical part of this paper, was created based on the research of the appropriate literature. To obtain all the data, there was used the method of experiments, the results were then analyzed, compared and than statistically evaluated using the Students T- test. Probandi (n=10+10) took part in a 30 minute long and 20 meters deep dive in Bořená hora, during which their consumption of the inhaled medium was recorded every 5 seconds using a special underwater computer with a probe. Results: It was found out that men, during the same dive, consume more air than women because of their higher body weight. Key words: scuba diving, air, sex, respirator, minute ventilation

L’exposition hyperbare induit des risques sanitaires, en particulier d’accidents de décompression (ADD), dont la probabilité dépend de multiples facteurs, tant externes qu’individuels. Parmi ceux-ci, l’altération de la barrière alvéolo-capillaire est peu ou pas étudiée. Nous avons donc cherché à identifier les effets d’une altération pulmonaire caractérisée par une diminution de la capacité de diffusion alvéolo-capillaire du monoxyde de carbone (DLCO) sur le risque d’ADD. Après un bilan d’aptitude préalable, chaque volontaire a été évalué avant et après la plongée.15 plongeurs professionnels civils répartis en 2 groupes en fonction de leur DLCO, normale (Contrôle) ou diminuée (DLCO), ont réalisé une plongée standardisée à 20 mètres pendant 40 minutes dans le bassin d’eau de mer d’IFREMER. Nous avons mesuré le score de bulles intravasculaires (VGE), la réponse microcirculatoire par débitmétrie laser doppler et les concentrations de différents paramètres biologiques en particulier l’aldostéronémie. Même en l’absence de survenue d’ADD, tous les plongeurs produisent des VGE. Le groupe DLCO est caractérisé par un pic de VGE plus tardif (60 minutes vs 30 minutes) et une tendance à des scores plus importants (Grade IV : 17% vs 11%). Par ailleurs, l’hypoaldostéronémie n’est observée que dans le groupe contrôle (-30.4±24.6%), pas dans le groupe DLCO (+14.8±34.7%). En dehors d’une diminution du risque thrombotique chez tous les plongeurs, les autres paramètres mesurés sont inchangés. Ces résultats évoquent une augmentation du risque d’ADD devant être confirmée par d’autres études. / Hyperbaric exposure leads to a risk of decompression sickness (DCS). The likelihood of DCS depends on multiple factors, external as well as individual. Among them, the alteration of the blood-air barrier has been poorly studied.Therefore, we measured the effect of pulmonary impairment characterized by a decreased diffusing lung capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) on the risk of DCS.15 professional divers were splited into 2 groups according to their DLCO, normal (control) or decreased (DLCO), and enrolled after an initial full “fit-to-dive” clinical check-up. They made a standardized 20 meters/40 minutes SCUBA dive in a sea water pool (IFREMER) Vascular Gas Emboli (VGE) score, micro-circulatory response, inflammatory biomarkers, thrombotic factors, and aldosteron rate were measured pre- and post-dive. Although no DCS occurred, all the divers showed VGE after diving. Compared to the control group, we observed in the DLCO group an increased latency to the VGE peak (60 vs 30 minutes) and a tendency for higher VGE scores (Grade IV: 17% vs 11%). A significant decrease (-30.4±24.6%) of aldosteron rate was observed in control and not in the DLCO group (+14.8±34.7%). Most of the biological parameters and microvascular response remained unchanged while all divers had a lowered post-dive thrombotic risk.These results imply that divers with a decreased DLCO might be exposed to an increased DCS risk.Further studies are required to confirm the implication and significance of pulmonary impairment in DCS.

<p><strong>Purpose/Aim:</strong> To create a communication strategy for PADI Nordic with the intention of getting Swedish divers, who have been certified abroad, to Swedish dive centers.</p><p><strong>Material/Method: </strong>The study is based on a number of personal interviews conducted with a) divers who are active in Sweden, b) divers who are not active in Sweden and c) representatives from PADI and PADI affiliated dive centers.</p><p><strong>Main results: </strong>The main reason that people who have been certified abroad do not dive in Sweden is that they regard it as being too complicated, too cold, too expensive and with nothing interesting to see. These might partly be misconceptions that can be corrected through a communication strategic effort. The best way to change this perception is by two different forms of communication. One will go from PADI Nordic straight to the divers through an email. This will have the purpose of getting their attention, making diving sound interesting and raise their awareness in preparation for the other part of the process. The other part is communication from PADI affiliated dive centres directed towards the divers. This will be in the form of more traditional marketing, and will have the purpose of making diving in Sweden sound easy, uncomplicated and price worthy. Hopefully this will bring people in to the dive centres, and in the ideal case they will in time also bring their friends along – by becoming the first link in a two step flow of communication.</p><p> </p>

Purpose/Aim: To create a communication strategy for PADI Nordic with the intention of getting Swedish divers, who have been certified abroad, to Swedish dive centers. Material/Method: The study is based on a number of personal interviews conducted with a) divers who are active in Sweden, b) divers who are not active in Sweden and c) representatives from PADI and PADI affiliated dive centers. Main results: The main reason that people who have been certified abroad do not dive in Sweden is that they regard it as being too complicated, too cold, too expensive and with nothing interesting to see. These might partly be misconceptions that can be corrected through a communication strategic effort. The best way to change this perception is by two different forms of communication. One will go from PADI Nordic straight to the divers through an email. This will have the purpose of getting their attention, making diving sound interesting and raise their awareness in preparation for the other part of the process. The other part is communication from PADI affiliated dive centres directed towards the divers. This will be in the form of more traditional marketing, and will have the purpose of making diving in Sweden sound easy, uncomplicated and price worthy. Hopefully this will bring people in to the dive centres, and in the ideal case they will in time also bring their friends along – by becoming the first link in a two step flow of communication.

The Spiny Lobster (Panulirus argus) fishery in Florida is closed during the spawning season (March-July) except for a two-day recreational `miniseason' for sport divers in July, several days prior to the opening of the commercial fishing season. In Monroe County, recreational fishers, who possess a valid Saltwater Fishing License with crawfish stamp, are allowed to harvest six lobsters per day, each with a minimum carapace length of 76.2 mm (3.0 inches). During these two days, approximately 50,000 people attempt to catch lobster, and the number of boats visiting the reef has been estimated to be up to 900 times higher than during the regular lobster season. I quantified incidences of benthic damage that occurred during the August 2011 miniseason, as well as substrate type and benthos affected. Study sites at Eastern, Western, and Middle Sambos, each characterized by spur and groove reefs, represented different levels of protection within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. The Eastern Sambos is a research only area, the Western Sambos permits recreational SCUBA diving but does not allow harvest of marine resources, and the Middle Sambos allows both recreational diving and lobster harvesting. The "Impact Site", the Middle Sambos, allows lobster harvesting, and "Control Sites", The Eastern and Western Sambos, were off limits to lobster harvesting. All sites were assessed three times before and three times after the miniseason at four locations within each of the three reef areas. Research divers conducted 30-minute, random-swim surveys cataloging incidences and magnitudes of benthic damage and counting legal-sized Spiny Lobster observed on reefs. Data were collected and analyzed using analysis of variance following the `Before-After, Control-Impact, Paired-Series' (BACIPS) design. I found an increase in the incidences of benthic damage at the Impact sites in the three surveys conducted after the miniseason, while no significant change occurred in Control sites. This suggests that detectable benthic damage associated with lobstering activity occurred during the miniseason, at least partly as a consequence of diver impacts while searching for and capturing Spiny Lobster. In addition to SCUBA gear, divers typically also bring gloves, a three-foot (92 cm) tickle stick, a hand net, a lobster gauge, and a lobster bag, all of which make buoyancy control more challenging. By actively searching for and attempting to capture Spiny Lobster, which are cryptic and maintain close proximity to the reef, lobster-seeking divers damage the benthos at higher rates than divers engaged in non-consumptive recreational activities.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Connecticut, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-112). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Connecticut, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-112).

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