SANTIAGO, André Prata. Lagosta: aquicultura como ferramenta para sustentabilidade e preservação do recurso. 2016. 307 f. Tese (Doutorado em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016. / Submitted by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-12-28T19:04:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_apsantiago.pdf: 21938262 bytes, checksum: 98feb3885f00c3c52641d1b0e284afcc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-12-28T19:05:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_apsantiago.pdf: 21938262 bytes, checksum: 98feb3885f00c3c52641d1b0e284afcc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-28T19:05:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_apsantiago.pdf: 21938262 bytes, checksum: 98feb3885f00c3c52641d1b0e284afcc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / The causes of drop and fluctuations in the production of spiny lobster producing countries are mainly the over-exploitation of stocks due to the fact that the management of these is being done unsustainably. Brazil is going through management problems in the lobster fishery, which results in difficulties, especially in artisanal fisheries. The aim of this work is to propose aquaculture as a tool for sustainability and preservation of lobster in Brazil. Lobster cultivation research of the Panulirus argus species was conducted in BioAqua (Parnaíba/ UFPI). Initially, a study was developed to determine the layout of a laboratory for research in biotechnology and marine aquaculture. Afterwards, an experiment with transport of lobster juveniles was performed using four replications for each treatment (T-I: control, T-II: ascorbic acid+macroalgae; T-III: macroalgae, and T-IV: ascorbic acid) and two different densities (20 and 25 ind./ container), in a completely randomized block design. Tests with water management were performed with three different treatments (TA: without exchange water; TB: 100% weekly exchange water, and TC: without exchange of water with added probiotic) and tests with different food with four treatments (T-1: Artemia; T-2: shrimp; T-3: mussel, and T-4: Artemia+shrimp+mussels). In the growth experiment in recirculation system, physical and chemical variables of the water were controlled, being analyzed the growth performance of lobsters, cultivated with initial density of 20 ind. m-3. Cultivation was also carried out using different types of shelters (Treatment I: bricks, and treatment II: PVC fittings), also in recirculation system. The layout was determined and implemented with two recirculating systems, each with six cultivation tanks and filtration system, a system for cultivation in a bioassay which can be cultivated simultaneously 288 juveniles, a room for biosafe culture and a system for receiving animals and water storage. The transportation of juvenile P. Argus proved viable, requiring the use of equipment for aeration and a plastic container with a capacity of 15 L with 50% of the volume being seawater, for transporting between 200 and 300 g of lobster, in treatments with density of 20 ind./ container there was no mortality. However, the treatments with 25 ind./ container, the average mortality was 0.5 ind./ treatment, but there was no statistical difference between them. Regarding the comparison of treatments with different managements of water, the highest survival and biomass growth rate were obtained in T-B treatment with 97.92 and 21.77%, respectively. Yet the highest growth rate was obtained in T-A treatment. In the experiment with food testing, T-3 treatment animals showed the highest survival rate of 95.83%, with greater rate of increase of biomass and growth achieved by treatment with T-4 23.84 and 4.66%, respectively. There were no statistical differences among the treatments with different management of water and food. In the growth experiment survival was 65.83%, the increase in biomass was 302.44% with an increase in the total length of 58,04% in 126 days of cultivation. In cultivation using different shelters, treatment I, had a survival rate of 81.67%, biomass gain of 316% or 30.87 g, and an increase in the total length of 34.48 mm or 54.98% throughout the cultivation. In treatment II, the survival rate was 70.00%, the biomass gain was 329.82% and 33.18 g, and the increase in the total length was 37.95 mm or 60.61% throughout the cultivation, with no statistical difference between treatments for all variables. Despite the difficulties due to their biology, what makes difficult the cultivation of all phases of the life cycle in captivity, the advancement of aquaculture is promising in some countries that produce lobster through fishery, since they are able to benefit from their own fishing, through restocking, as well as through their own aquaculture production, to meet part of the market demand. / As causas das quedas e oscilações na produção de lagostas espinhosas dos países produtores são, principalmente, a superexploração dos estoques devido ao manejo destes ser feito de forma não sustentável. O Brasil está passando por problemas de gestão na pesca da lagosta, o que resulta em dificuldades, principalmente na pesca artesanal. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor a aquicultura como ferramenta para sustentabilidade e preservação da lagosta no Brasil. As pesquisas de cultivo de lagostas da espécie Panulirus argus foram realizadas no BioAqua (Parnaíba/ UFPI). Inicialmente, foi desenvolvido um estudo para determinação do layout de um laboratório para pesquisas na área de biotecnologia e aquicultura marinha. Posteriormente, foi realizado um experimento de transporte de juvenis de lagosta com quatro repetições para cada tratamento (T-I: controle; T-II: ácido ascórbico+macroalgas; T-III: macroalgas; e T-IV: ácido ascórbico), com duas diferentes densidades (20 e 25 ind./ recipiente), em blocos inteiramente casualizados. Foram realizados testes com manejo de água com três diferentes tratamentos (T-A: sem troca d’água; T-B: com 100% de troca d’água semanal; e T-C: sem troca d’água, com adição de probiótico) e testes com diferentes alimentos com quatro tratamentos (T-1: Artemia; T-2: camarão; T-3: mexilhão; e T-4: Artemia+camarão+mexilhão). No experimento de engorda em sistema de recirculação foram controladas as variáveis físicas e químicas da água, sendo analisado o desempenho zootécnico das lagostas, cultivadas com densidade inicial de 20 ind. m-3. Também foi realizado o cultivo utilizando diferentes tipos de abrigos (trat. I: tijolos; e trat. II: conexões de PVC) também em sistema de recirculação. O layout foi determinado e executado com dois sistemas de recirculação, cada um com seis tanques de cultivo e sistema de filtragem, um sistema para cultivo em bioensaio onde é possível cultivar, simultaneamente, 288 juvenis, uma sala para cultivo biosseguro e um sistema para recepção de animais e armazenamento de água. O transporte de juvenis de P. argus mostrou-se viável, sendo necessário uso de equipamento para aeração e um recipiente plástico com capacidade de 15 L, com 50% do volume com água marinha, para transportar entre 200 e 300 g de lagosta, nos tratamentos com densidade de 20 ind./ recipiente não houve mortalidade, já nos tratamentos com 25 ind./ recipiente, a mortalidade média foi de 0,5 ind./ tratam., mas não houve diferença estatística entre eles. Na comparação dos tratamentos com diferentes manejos de água a maior sobrevivência e taxa de aumento de biomassa foram obtidas no tratamento T-B com 97,92 e 21,77%, respectivamente, já a maior taxa de crescimento foi obtida no tratamento T-A. No experimento com testes de alimento os animais do tratamento T-3 apresentaram a maior sobrevivência com 95,83%, com maior taxa de aumento de biomassa e crescimento obtida pelo tratamento T-4 com 23,84 e 4,66%, respectivamente. Não houve diferença estatística na comparação dos tratamentos com diferentes manejos de água e alimentação. No experimento de engorda a sobrevivência foi de 65,83%, o aumento de biomassa foi de 302,44%, com aumento do comprimento total de 58,04%, em 126 dias de cultivo. No cultivo utilizando diferentes abrigos, o trat. I, teve sobrevivência de 81,67%, ganho de biomassa de 316% ou 30,87 g e aumento do comprimento total de 34,48 mm ou 54,98%, ao longo do cultivo. Já no trat. II, a sobrevivência foi de 70,00%, ganho de biomassa de 329,82% ou 33,18 g e o aumento do comprimento total foi de 37,95 mm ou 60,61%, não havendo diferença estatística entre os tratamentos em todas as variáveis. Apesar das dificuldades devido a sua biologia, o que dificulta o cultivo de todas as fases do ciclo de vida em cativeiro, é promissor o avanço da aquicultura em alguns países que produzem lagosta através da pesca, por poder beneficiar a própria pesca através de trabalhos de repovoamento, como também através da própria produção aquícola, para atender parte da demanda do mercado.

NASCIMENTO, Carine Belarmino do. Variações de temperatura e salinidade do meio e seus efeitos no processo de osmorregulação da lagosta Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804). 2015. 82 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015. / Submitted by Anderson Silva Pereira (anderson.pereiraaa@gmail.com) on 2017-01-19T19:05:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_cbnascimento.pdf: 1815598 bytes, checksum: ed67ab3c622d0f089ca438dcff73d0b5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2017-01-23T20:22:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_cbnascimento.pdf: 1815598 bytes, checksum: ed67ab3c622d0f089ca438dcff73d0b5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-23T20:22:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_cbnascimento.pdf: 1815598 bytes, checksum: ed67ab3c622d0f089ca438dcff73d0b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / The lobster Panulirus Argus, for decades, is the most important fishing resource in the Northeast. However, due to the sharp fishing effort, the stocks are currently over-exploited.One solution would be the development of technological packages which make easy the growth of this species in captivity. The place where the lobsters live appears to be the definition of comfort based on the environmental context, when we analyze the environmental characteristics due to the comfort zone of cultivated species. The objective of this work was to evaluate the mixed effect of differents temperature and salinity in controlled laboratory environments by determining and interpreting the osmolality of the hemolymph of Panulirus argus lobster. The study was developed at the Center for Studies in Aquaculture Coast Sea Institute of Sciences of the Federal University in Ceará between April 2014 to January 2015. Lobsters were evaluated (both sexes) when they were abruptly submited to varying conditions of temperature and salinity for a continuous period about three hours. The experiment was achieved in two steps, based on each of the set temperatures, respectively 22°C and 28°C.Combined effects of temperature with different salinities (15‰, 20‰, 25‰, 30‰, 35‰,40‰) were checked with a total of four repetitions for each tested salinity. The temperature were monitored, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity and animal behavior as mobility and acceptance of food. It was observed there were significant differences (p <0.05) in Osmoregulatory behavior of Argus Panulirus lobsters that live in environments in terms of different salinities and the animals submited seawater around osmolality 1127 mOsm (40 %) to 22 ° C and 1081 mOsm (40 %) to 28 ° C were possibly in comfort situation. Despite the significant absence (p> 0.05) of the variation of osmolality of the hemolymph following the two temperatures tested in selected animals to the same salinity, it is clear that individuals kept at a temperature of 22 ° C results showed 100% survival when exposed to salinity of 20 ‰ considered lethal for lobsters. When these animals are submited bruptly to salinity of 15 % in these two temperatures tested showed 100 % mortality in the first three hours of exposure.The physical and chemical parameters , oxygen and pH of the water remained normal standards regarding lobster Panulirus Argus maintained in the laboratory. / A lagosta Panulirus argus, há décadas, é o recurso pesqueiro mais importante da região Nordeste. No entanto, devido ao acentuado esforço de pesca, os estoques atualmente se encontram sobre-explorados. Uma solução seria o desenvolvimento de pacotes tecnológicos que viabilizassem o crescimento dessa espécie em cativeiro. A ambiência surge como sendo a definição de conforto baseada no contexto ambiental, quando se analisa as características de meio ambiente em função da zona de conforto das espécies cultivadas. Objetivou-se nesse trabalho avaliar o efeito combinado de diferentes temperaturas e salinidades em ambientes controlados de laboratório através da determinação e interpretação da osmolalidade da hemolinfa da lagosta Panulirus argus. O estudo foi realizado no Centro de Estudos emAquicultura Costeira do Instituto de Ciências do Mar da Universidade Federal do Ceará entre os períodos de abril de 2014 a janeiro de 2015. Foram avaliadas lagostas de ambos os sexos quando as mesmas foram submetidas abruptamente a condições variadas de temperatura e salinidade por um período contínuo de três horas. O experimento foi realizado em duas etapas, tendo como base cada uma das temperaturas estabelecidas, respectivamente 22°C e 28°C. Efeitos combinados das temperaturas com diferentes salinidades (15‰, 20‰, 25‰, 30‰, 35‰, 40‰) foram testados, com um total de quatro repetições para cada salinidade testada. Foram monitorados oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, pH, e salinidade. Observou-se que existiram diferenças significativas (p<0,05), no comportamento osmorregulatório das lagostas Panulirus argus que habitam ambientes distintos em termos de salinidades e que os animais submetidos à osmolalidade de água do mar em torno de 1127 mOsm (40‰) para a temperatura de 22°C e 1081 mOsm (40‰) para a temperatura de 28°C estavam possivelmente em situação de maior conforto. Apesar da ausência significativa (p>0,05) da variação da osmolalidade da hemolinfa em função das duas temperaturas testadas em animais selecionados a uma mesma salinidade, percebe-se que indivíduos mantidos na temperatura de 22°C apresentaram resultados de 100% de sobrevivência quando expostos a salinidades de 20‰ consideradas letais para as lagostas. Animais submetidos abruptamente à salinidade de 15‰ nas duas temperaturas testadas apresentaram 100% de mortalidade nas três primeiras horas de exposição. Os parâmetros físico-químicos, oxigênio e pH da água mantiveram-se dentro dos padrões da normalidade em relação à lagosta P. argus mantida em laboratório.

A pesca da lagosta espinhosa Panulirus argus, encontrada no litoral do estado do CearÃ, tem apresentado declÃnio nos Ãltimos anos. Estudos sobre os aspectos reprodutivos de lagostas sÃo ainda escassos, principalmente para os machos, necessitando de esclarecimentos na Ãrea de biologia reprodutiva. O presente trabalho propÃe-se a descrever morfologicamente o sistema reprodutor masculino de P. argus caracterizando histologica e histoquimicamente os componentes somÃticos e germinativos, buscando oferecer subsÃdios à regulamentaÃÃo da pesca fundamentando-se na relaÃÃo entre os dados biomÃtricos e maturaÃÃo sexual fisiolÃgica dos animais coletados. Os animais foram adquiridos junto aos pescadores dos municÃpios de Cascavel, Beberibe, Caucaia e Trairà do litoral cearense. Os indivÃduos foram medidos morfometricamente e o trato reprodutor retirado e submetidos aos procedimentos histolÃgicos de rotina (fixaÃÃo, desidrataÃÃo, diafanizaÃÃo, impregnaÃÃo e emblocamento em parafina, microtomia e coloraÃÃo). Foram utilizados 59 exemplares machos, com a mÃdia de comprimento total de 127,49 mm. A organizaÃÃo do sistema reprodutor segue o modelo bÃsico descrito para os Decapoda, sendo formado por estruturas pares, testÃculos, vasos deferentes e glÃndulas androgÃnicas. As gÃnadas apresentaram-se brancas ou transparentes e os dois lobos testiculares nÃo apresentaram conexÃo ou comissura interligando um ao outro, diferenciando-se de alguns decÃpodes. A partir do exemplar de 155 mm de comprimento total, observou-se espermatÃforo no vaso deferente, considerado neste trabalho como fisiologicamente maduro. Os testÃculos de P. argus sÃo revestidos por uma delgada camada de material fibroso e mais internamente encontra-se um extenso tÃbulo seminÃfero altamente enovelado, e entre os espaÃos externos ao tÃbulo encontram-se vasos e seios hemais. Nas secÃÃes dos tÃbulos seminÃferos foi possÃvel diferenciar cinco diferentes estÃgios das cÃlulas germinativas: espermatogÃnia, espermatÃcitos I e II, espermÃtide e espermatozÃides, considerando o tamanho e principalmente a distribuiÃÃo da cromatina no nÃcleo. A glÃndula androgÃnica nÃo foi visualizada macroscopicamente e encontrava-se pouco desenvolvida nos animais analisados. Os exemplares a partir de 155mm de comprimento total apresentavam-se fisiologicamente maduros, apresentando espermatÃforo no vaso deferente. / The fishery of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus, found in the coast of the state of CearÃ, has been declining in the last years. Studies about the reproductive aspects of lobsters are still scarce, mainly for the males, needing investigations in the area of reproductive biology. The present study describes the morphology of the male reproductive system of P. argus characterizing histologically and histochemically the somatic and germinative components, aiming to subsidy the regulation of the fishery based in the relationship between the biometric data and physiological maturation of the collected animals. The animals were acquired from fishermen of the Cascavel, Beberibe, Caucaia and Trairà municipalities, in the Cearà coast. The individuals were measured morfometrically and the reproductive organs were submitted to the routine histological procedures (fixation, dehydration, impregnation and embedded in paraffin, sectioned and coloration). It was used 59 males, with the average of total length of 127,49mm. The organization of the reproductive system follows the basic model described for Decapoda, being formed by equal structures, testis, vas deferens and androgenic gland. The gonads were white or transparent and the two testisâs lobes are not connected to each other, differing in this aspect, to some decapods. Animals larger than 155 mm of total length, presented spermatophores in the vas deferens, and were considered in this study, as mature physiologically. The testis of P. argus were covered by a thin layer of fibrous material and presented more internally, an extensive coiled seminiferous tubules, and between the external spaces to the tubules are vessel and hemal sinuses. In the sections of the seminiferous tubules it was possible to differentiate five different stages of the germinative cells: spermatogonia, spermatocytes I and II, spermatids and spermatozoa, considering the size and mainly the distribution of the chromatin in the nucleus. The androgenic gland was not visualized macroscopically and was poorly developed in the analyzed animals. The animals larger than 155mm of total length were physiologically mature, presenting spermatophore in the vas deferens.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Devido a grande importÃncia econÃmica da lagosta espinhosa para a RegiÃo Nordeste, principalmente para o Estado do Cearà e tambÃm pela sobrexplotaÃÃo em que esse crustÃceo encontra-se atualmente, o Centro de Tecnologia em AqÃicultura do Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, vÃm realizando pesquisas com o intuito de contribuir para o estabelecimento de uma metodologia bÃsica de cultivo para lagosta em laboratÃrio. Dessa forma, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi verificar a influÃncia de cinco diferentes temperaturas no desenvolvimento de juvenis recentes da lagosta espinhosa Panulirus argus em laboratÃrio, sendo estas delineadas da seguinte forma: 24, 26, 28, 30 e 32 ÂC, resultando em cinco tratamentos com quatro repetiÃÃes, totalizando 20 indivÃduos, sendo dado um carÃter inteiramente casualizado ao experimento. Os juvenis foram coletados em marÃs baixas de sizÃgia (- 0,1 e 0,0 m) atravÃs de mergulho e puÃà plÃstico nas imediaÃÃes da Ponte dos Ingleses, Praia de Iracema, Fortaleza, CearÃ, Brasil, onde apresentaram inicialmente peso mÃdio, comprimento mÃdio do cefalotÃrax e comprimento mÃdio total de 2,680 g; 13,8 mm e 40,4 mm, respectivamente. O desenvolvimento dos indivÃduos foi determinado atravÃs de anÃlises e observaÃÃes dos parÃmetros de crescimento em peso e comprimento, nÃmero de mudas, perÃodo de intermudas e taxa de sobrevivÃncia. O procedimento experimental foi realizado em cinco caixas de polietileno medindo 37 x 55,5 cm, com capacidade para 30 L de Ãgua, cada. Foram colocados filtros biolÃgicos e aeraÃÃo artificial para melhorar a qualidade e a taxa de oxigÃnio dissolvido da Ãgua, ambos acoplados a compressores de ar para aquÃrios. O experimento teve duraÃÃo de 180 dias, sendo realizadas biometrias mensais, observando-se o crescimento e o ganho em peso, bem como, o comportamento dos indivÃduos. A alimentaÃÃo foi composta pelo molusco Tegula sp. e nÃuplios recÃm eclodidos de Artemia franciscana na proporÃÃo de 2 nÃuplios/ml, ofertada uma vez ao dia atà a saciedade dos juvenis. A temperatura da Ãgua foi mantida constante atravÃs de aquecedores termostatos, e, os valores de pH e salinidade controlados sempre que necessÃrio com trocas parciais de Ãgua. Ao final do experimento, obteve-se os seguintes percentuais de sobrevivÃncia: 75%, 100%, 100% e 75% para os tratamentos 24, 26, 28 e 30 ÂC, respectivamente, sendo que os indivÃduos pertencentes ao tratamento 32 ÂC morreram antes de completar um mÃs de cultivo. Os valores mÃdios de pH e salinidade para os tratamentos 24, 26, 28 e 30ÂC, foram: 7,86  0,31; 7,56  0,3; 7,91  0,31; 7,67  0,31 e 38,6  1,3â; 38,6 1,1â; 38,8  0,9â; 38,8  1â, respectivamente, permanecendo dentro da faixa de normalidade segundo o Teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e iguais estatisticamente atravÃs do Teste t-Student ( = 0,05). Os dados biomÃtricos finais para os tratamentos 24, 26, 28 e 30 ÂC, foram: 5,104 g, 24,3 mm e 52,1 mm; 8,345 g, 29,8 mm e 63,6 mm; 9,129 g, 32,7 mm e 69,9 mm; 5,971 g, 23,2 mm e 52,8 mm para o peso, comprimento do cefalotÃrax e comprimento total, respectivamente. Foi observado ainda, um total de 39 mudas no experimento, sendo oito para o tratamento 24 ÂC, dez para o tratamento 26 ÂC, treze para o tratamento 28 ÂC e oito para o tratamento 30 ÂC. Os procedimentos estatÃsticos mostraram que houve diferenÃa estatÃstica significativa entre os tratamentos ao final do experimento, comprovado atravÃs da ANOVA e do Teste de Tukey (P < 0,05), sendo analisadas as mÃdias de peso e dos comprimentos, bem como, os percentuais dos incrementos em crescimento e perÃodo de intermudas dos indivÃduos. A taxa de sobrevivÃncia final nÃo apresentou diferenÃa estatÃstica significativa atravÃs do Teste do Qui-Quadrado (P > 0,05). Analisando os dados separadamente, podemos concluir que o tratamento 28 ÂC representou a melhor temperatura em relaÃÃo ao desenvolvimento de juvenis recentes de P. argus em ambiente controlado, quando comparado Ãs temperaturas 24, 26, 30 e 32 ÂC sob as mesmas condiÃÃes. Existe um consenso por parte da comunidade cientÃfica e de empresÃrios vinculados ao setor lagosteiro que sÃo necessÃrios mais estudos sobre o cultivo de lagostas, cujo objetivo maior à implantar um projeto piloto sustentÃvel no ambiente marinho, visando gerar emprego e renda para as comunidades locais e tambÃm aumentar a oferta desse recurso no mercado, pois sua pesca jà se encontra com fortes declÃnios de produÃÃo / Because of the great economic importance of the spiny lobster in North-east Brazil, mainly in Ceara State and also most fisheries are overexploited, Aquaculture Technology Center, Federal University of Ceara has been directed research towards essential technical design for basic methodology to the culture of spiny lobster in laboratory. Then, the objective of the present study is to verify the influence of five differents temperature in development of early juvenile spiny lobster Panulirus argus in laboratory. An entirely random delineation was applied: 24, 26, 28, 30 e 32 ÂC, resulting in 5 treatments, repeated 4 times, coming to a total of 20 individuals, Recent offspring of P. argus lobster were captured with a plastic fish trap in the low tides of spring tides (0.0 and â 0.1m) near English bridge, Iracema Beach, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil. The initial average weight (g), average cephalotorax (mm) and total (mm) length of spiny lobsters were 2.680g; 13.8mm e 40.4mm, respectively. The individuals development was determined through the analyses and observations of the following parameters: increments in weight and length, number of molts, intermolt periods and survival rate. Chemical and physical parameters, biometric data, number and frequency of molts per individual, survival rate were analyzed for the determination of statistical tests. The experiment was conducted in 5 polyethylene box, measuring 37 x 55.5 cm, with capacity each for 30 liters of water. The spiny lobster culture system was provided with biological filter and artificial aeration to improve water quality. The experiment was carried out during 180 days. Biometric data was recorded every month, observing behavior, weight and length of individuals. Animals were fed on mollusk Tegula sp. and live Artemia nauplii consisting of 2 nauplius/ml. The juvenile were fed once a day. Water temperature was maintained constant by a heater with thermostat. When necessary, the value of pH and salinity was maintained changing part of culture water. At the end of experiment, survival rate were 75%, 100%, 100% e 75% for the treatments 24, 26, 28 e 30 ÂC, respectively. The individuals died within one month for the treatment 32 ÂC. The average value of pH and salinity for the treatments 24, 26, 28 e 30 ÂC, were: 7.86  0.31; 7.56  0.3; 7.91  0.31; 7.67  0.31 e 38.6  1.3â; 38.6 1.1â; 38.8  0.9â; 38.8  1â, respectively, remaining within the normal level according to the Kolmogorov- Smirnov test and statistically equal through t-Student test ( = 0.05). The final biometric data for the treatments 24, 26, 28 and 30 ÂC, were: 5.104 g, 24.3 mm and 52.1 mm; 8.345 g, 29.8 mm and 63.6 mm; 9.129 g, 32.7 mm and 69.9 mm; 5.971 g, 23.2 mm and 52.8 mm for the weight, cephalotorax and total lengths. It was observed yet in the experiment, a total of 39 molts, 8 for the treatment 24 ÂC, 10 for the treatment 26 ÂC, 13 for the treatment 28 ÂC and 8 for the treatment 30 ÂC. The statistical procedure ANOVA and Tukey Test (P < 0.05) at the end of experiment showed that there were significant differences among the treatments being analyzed average weight and length, increments percentage in growth and intermolt period of the individuals. The final survival rate didnÂt showed statistical significant differences with Qui-Quadrado test (P > 0.05). We can concluded that the treatment 28 ÂC represented the best temperature in relation to the development of early juveniles P. argus in controled environment, when the temperature 24, 26, 30 e 32 ÂC were compared under the same condition. There is a consensus of opinion of the scientific communities and businessman linked to the fishing enterprises which more research is needed on the culture of the spiny lobster, whose main objective is to develop a pilot project economically feasible in marine environment, contributing to the generation of profitable activity and employment to the local communities and also increasing yields and delivered to markets. Thus assuming that growth overfishing is bound to be the main cause of decline in the catch of spiny lobster

Accurate age estimates for the commercially-important Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, would greatly enhance analyses of life history and population dynamics. Previous estimates of their age based on size and growth may be inaccurate because of variable growth in the wild. An established technique for aging crustaceans – histologically-determined lipofuscin content in the nervous system – was used on lobsters reared in the laboratory for up to five years. We verified the presence of lipofuscin in eyestalk neural tissue and described its distribution in cell cluster A of the hemiellipsoid body. Neurolipofuscin content of both sexes increased linearly over the five-year age range, with seasonal oscillations. Growth of these animals, on the other hand, showed sex differences and began to asymptote after three years. Neurolipofuscin concentrations in the two eyestalks from the same animal were similar. These results suggest that the neurolipofuscin technique will be valuable for estimating age of wild-caught P.argus.

LOURENÇO, Jullyermes Araújo. Desenvolvimento de juvenis recentes de lagosta espinhosa Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palinuridae) submetidos a diferentes temperaturas em condições de laboratório. 2006. 147f. Dissertação(Mestrado em Engenharia de Pesca) - Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2006. / Submitted by Maria Naires Souza (marianaires@ufc.br) on 2011-12-02T23:37:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-dis-jalourenço.pdf: 7127361 bytes, checksum: 5bf6ebe24d68c47f6f1e373d78846993 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Nascimento(vieiraaline@yahoo.com.br) on 2011-12-08T12:08:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-dis-jalourenço.pdf: 7127361 bytes, checksum: 5bf6ebe24d68c47f6f1e373d78846993 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-12-08T12:08:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-dis-jalourenço.pdf: 7127361 bytes, checksum: 5bf6ebe24d68c47f6f1e373d78846993 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-16 / Because of the great economic importance of the spiny lobster in North-east Brazil, mainly in Ceara State and also most fisheries are overexploited, Aquaculture Technology Center, Federal University of Ceara has been directed research towards essential technical design for basic methodology to the culture of spiny lobster in laboratory. Then, the objective of the present study is to verify the influence of five differents temperature in development of early juvenile spiny lobster Panulirus argus in laboratory. An entirely random delineation was applied: 24, 26, 28, 30 e 32 ºC, resulting in 5 treatments, repeated 4 times, coming to a total of 20 individuals, Recent offspring of P. argus lobster were captured with a plastic fish trap in the low tides of spring tides (0.0 and – 0.1m) near English bridge, Iracema Beach, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil. The initial average weight (g), average cephalotorax (mm) and total (mm) length of spiny lobsters were 2.680g; 13.8mm e 40.4mm, respectively. The individuals development was determined through the analyses and observations of the following parameters: increments in weight and length, number of molts, intermolt periods and survival rate. Chemical and physical parameters, biometric data, number and frequency of molts per individual, survival rate were analyzed for the determination of statistical tests. The experiment was conducted in 5 polyethylene box, measuring 37 x 55.5 cm, with capacity each for 30 liters of water. The spiny lobster culture system was provided with biological filter and artificial aeration to improve water quality. The experiment was carried out during 180 days. Biometric data was recorded every month, observing behavior, weight and length of individuals. Animals were fed on mollusk Tegula sp. and live Artemia nauplii consisting of 2 nauplius/ml. The juvenile were fed once a day. Water temperature was maintained constant by a heater with thermostat. When necessary, the value of pH and salinity was maintained changing part of culture water. At the end of experiment, survival rate were 75%, 100%, 100% e 75% for the treatments 24, 26, 28 e 30 ºC, respectively. The individuals died within one month for the treatment 32 ºC. The average value of pH and salinity for the treatments 24, 26, 28 e 30 ºC, were: 7.86 ± 0.31; 7.56 ± 0.3; 7.91 ± 0.31; 7.67 ± 0.31 e 38.6 ± 1.3‰; 38.6± 1.1‰; 38.8 ± 0.9‰; 38.8 ± 1‰, respectively, remaining within the normal level according to the Kolmogorov- Smirnov test and statistically equal through t-Student test (µ = 0.05). The final biometric data for the treatments 24, 26, 28 and 30 ºC, were: 5.104 g, 24.3 mm and 52.1 mm; 8.345 g, 29.8 mm and 63.6 mm; 9.129 g, 32.7 mm and 69.9 mm; 5.971 g, 23.2 mm and 52.8 mm for the weight, cephalotorax and total lengths. It was observed yet in the experiment, a total of 39 molts, 8 for the treatment 24 ºC, 10 for the treatment 26 ºC, 13 for the treatment 28 ºC and 8 for the treatment 30 ºC. The statistical procedure ANOVA and Tukey Test (P < 0.05) at the end of experiment showed that there were significant differences among the treatments being analyzed average weight and length, increments percentage in growth and intermolt period of the individuals. The final survival rate didn´t showed statistical significant differences with Qui-Quadrado test (P > 0.05). We can concluded that the treatment 28 ºC represented the best temperature in relation to the development of early juveniles P. argus in controled environment, when the temperature 24, 26, 30 e 32 ºC were compared under the same condition. There is a consensus of opinion of the scientific communities and businessman linked to the fishing enterprises which more research is needed on the culture of the spiny lobster, whose main objective is to develop a pilot project economically feasible in marine environment, contributing to the generation of profitable activity and employment to the local communities and also increasing yields and delivered to markets. Thus assuming that growth overfishing is bound to be the main cause of decline in the catch of spiny lobster / Devido a grande importância econômica da lagosta espinhosa para a Região Nordeste, principalmente para o Estado do Ceará e também pela sobrexplotação em que esse crustáceo encontra-se atualmente, o Centro de Tecnologia em Aqüicultura do Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca da Universidade Federal do Ceará, vêm realizando pesquisas com o intuito de contribuir para o estabelecimento de uma metodologia básica de cultivo para lagosta em laboratório. Dessa forma, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi verificar a influência de cinco diferentes temperaturas no desenvolvimento de juvenis recentes da lagosta espinhosa Panulirus argus em laboratório, sendo estas delineadas da seguinte forma: 24, 26, 28, 30 e 32 ºC, resultando em cinco tratamentos com quatro repetições, totalizando 20 indivíduos, sendo dado um caráter inteiramente casualizado ao experimento. Os juvenis foram coletados em marés baixas de sizígia (- 0,1 e 0,0 m) através de mergulho e puçá plástico nas imediações da Ponte dos Ingleses, Praia de Iracema, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, onde apresentaram inicialmente peso médio, comprimento médio do cefalotórax e comprimento médio total de 2,680 g; 13,8 mm e 40,4 mm, respectivamente. O desenvolvimento dos indivíduos foi determinado através de análises e observações dos parâmetros de crescimento em peso e comprimento, número de mudas, período de intermudas e taxa de sobrevivência. O procedimento experimental foi realizado em cinco caixas de polietileno medindo 37 x 55,5 cm, com capacidade para 30 L de água, cada. Foram colocados filtros biológicos e aeração artificial para melhorar a qualidade e a taxa de oxigênio dissolvido da água, ambos acoplados a compressores de ar para aquários. O experimento teve duração de 180 dias, sendo realizadas biometrias mensais, observando-se o crescimento e o ganho em peso, bem como, o comportamento dos indivíduos. A alimentação foi composta pelo molusco Tegula sp. e náuplios recém eclodidos de Artemia franciscana na proporção de 2 náuplios/ml, ofertada uma vez ao dia até a saciedade dos juvenis. A temperatura da água foi mantida constante através de aquecedores termostatos, e, os valores de pH e salinidade controlados sempre que necessário com trocas parciais de água. Ao final do experimento, obteve-se os seguintes percentuais de sobrevivência: 75%, 100%, 100% e 75% para os tratamentos 24, 26, 28 e 30 ºC, respectivamente, sendo que os indivíduos pertencentes ao tratamento 32 ºC morreram antes de completar um mês de cultivo. Os valores médios de pH e salinidade para os tratamentos 24, 26, 28 e 30ºC, foram: 7,86 ± 0,31; 7,56 ± 0,3; 7,91 ± 0,31; 7,67 ± 0,31 e 38,6 ± 1,3‰; 38,6± 1,1‰; 38,8 ± 0,9‰; 38,8 ± 1‰, respectivamente, permanecendo dentro da faixa de normalidade segundo o Teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e iguais estatisticamente através do Teste t-Student (µ = 0,05). Os dados biométricos finais para os tratamentos 24, 26, 28 e 30 ºC, foram: 5,104 g, 24,3 mm e 52,1 mm; 8,345 g, 29,8 mm e 63,6 mm; 9,129 g, 32,7 mm e 69,9 mm; 5,971 g, 23,2 mm e 52,8 mm para o peso, comprimento do cefalotórax e comprimento total, respectivamente. Foi observado ainda, um total de 39 mudas no experimento, sendo oito para o tratamento 24 ºC, dez para o tratamento 26 ºC, treze para o tratamento 28 ºC e oito para o tratamento 30 ºC. Os procedimentos estatísticos mostraram que houve diferença estatística significativa entre os tratamentos ao final do experimento, comprovado através da ANOVA e do Teste de Tukey (P < 0,05), sendo analisadas as médias de peso e dos comprimentos, bem como, os percentuais dos incrementos em crescimento e período de intermudas dos indivíduos. A taxa de sobrevivência final não apresentou diferença estatística significativa através do Teste do Qui-Quadrado (P > 0,05). Analisando os dados separadamente, podemos concluir que o tratamento 28 ºC representou a melhor temperatura em relação ao desenvolvimento de juvenis recentes de P. argus em ambiente controlado, quando comparado às temperaturas 24, 26, 30 e 32 ºC sob as mesmas condições. Existe um consenso por parte da comunidade científica e de empresários vinculados ao setor lagosteiro que são necessários mais estudos sobre o cultivo de lagostas, cujo objetivo maior é implantar um projeto piloto sustentável no ambiente marinho, visando gerar emprego e renda para as comunidades locais e também aumentar a oferta desse recurso no mercado, pois sua pesca já se encontra com fortes declínios de produção

Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) is a popular and heavily exploited seafood throughout its range. This species supports the primary fishery in many Caribbean countries, especially in the Bahamas, which reports the highest catches and where spiny lobster serves as the number one food export. P. argus possesses one of the longest pelagic larval durations of any marine species, ranging from 6-12 months. This allows for the possibility of long-range dispersal, which would make it difficult to determine if local adult populations originate from areas close-by or within the same countries/jurisdictions, thus presenting implications for conservation and management of the species. This project seeks to explore the policy implications of lobster larval dispersal in the Bahamas by examining the larval connectivity of locally spawned P. argus in order to determine the mean dispersal kernel and to identify hotspots of settlement within the area. A coupled biophysical model was used to simulate larval transport from scaled egg production of 47 release locations within the Bahamas. The model was initialized bi-weekly from April through May, the highest months of larvae production in the Bahamas, with each model run occurring for a maximum of 180 days. The dispersal kernel for the Bahamas was calculated to be an average of 100-300 km, indicating that the larvae released within its boundaries typically settled there as well. Due to the long pelagic larval duration, larval particles were able to travel extensive distances, averaging trajectories covering distances of 4000 km and greater from the source locations. Yet, those same larval particles still settled in locations within the Bahamas, suggesting local retention, which varies from the common perception that lobster in the Bahamas originate elsewhere. This knowledge can be used to assess and perhaps reevaluate conservation and management strategies related to the Bahamian P. argus fishery, including the implementation of MPAs and/or MPA networks, input and output management controls, and other management tools.

Adult neurogenesis of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) occurs in diverse organisms including in decapod crustaceans. This dissertation describes the molecular, cellular, and physiological changes that occur during adult neurogenesis of ORNs in the antennular lateral flagellum (LF) of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Examination of the role of splash (spiny lobster achaete scute homolog) in adult neurogenesis and regeneration using in situ hybridization showed splash was not closely associated with the formation of sensory neurons under normal physiological conditions. Damage to the LF, which induces regeneration, enhanced splash expression, suggesting an association between splash with regeneration and repair. This study suggests that splash plays multiple roles in the olfactory organ of adult spiny lobsters. Examination of extracellular and intracellular Ca2+ in mediating spontaneous and odor-induced responses of ORNs, using calcium imaging showed that odor-induced Ca2+ transient responses and spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations in ORN somata are primarily mediated by an influx of extracellular Ca2+ through Co2+ -sensitive Ca2+ channels, but that intracellular Ca2+stores also have some contribution. These responses are independent of TTX-sensitive Na+ channels, suggesting that these Ca2+ responses may reflect receptor potentials. Examination of changes in odor specificity, sensitivity, and temporal responses in adult-born ORNs showed an increase in the percentage of odorant-responsive ORNs as they age from newly-born cells to mature, and a decrease in odorant-responsive ORNs as they senesce. As adult-born ORNs age, there was a decrease in the percentage of ORNs that undergo spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations and an increase in the amplitude of oscillation. ORNs became more broadly tuned as they senesce, and their response profile, defined by the most effective odorant, changed. Odor sensitivity changed with age. This study demonstrated that the physiological response properties of adult-born ORNs changed with functional maturation. Taken together, this dissertation reveals molecular, cellular and physiological changes in adult born ORNs and elucidates mechanisms of adult neurogenesis.

The Spiny Lobster (Panulirus argus) fishery in Florida is closed during the spawning season (March-July) except for a two-day recreational `miniseason' for sport divers in July, several days prior to the opening of the commercial fishing season. In Monroe County, recreational fishers, who possess a valid Saltwater Fishing License with crawfish stamp, are allowed to harvest six lobsters per day, each with a minimum carapace length of 76.2 mm (3.0 inches). During these two days, approximately 50,000 people attempt to catch lobster, and the number of boats visiting the reef has been estimated to be up to 900 times higher than during the regular lobster season. I quantified incidences of benthic damage that occurred during the August 2011 miniseason, as well as substrate type and benthos affected. Study sites at Eastern, Western, and Middle Sambos, each characterized by spur and groove reefs, represented different levels of protection within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. The Eastern Sambos is a research only area, the Western Sambos permits recreational SCUBA diving but does not allow harvest of marine resources, and the Middle Sambos allows both recreational diving and lobster harvesting. The "Impact Site", the Middle Sambos, allows lobster harvesting, and "Control Sites", The Eastern and Western Sambos, were off limits to lobster harvesting. All sites were assessed three times before and three times after the miniseason at four locations within each of the three reef areas. Research divers conducted 30-minute, random-swim surveys cataloging incidences and magnitudes of benthic damage and counting legal-sized Spiny Lobster observed on reefs. Data were collected and analyzed using analysis of variance following the `Before-After, Control-Impact, Paired-Series' (BACIPS) design. I found an increase in the incidences of benthic damage at the Impact sites in the three surveys conducted after the miniseason, while no significant change occurred in Control sites. This suggests that detectable benthic damage associated with lobstering activity occurred during the miniseason, at least partly as a consequence of diver impacts while searching for and capturing Spiny Lobster. In addition to SCUBA gear, divers typically also bring gloves, a three-foot (92 cm) tickle stick, a hand net, a lobster gauge, and a lobster bag, all of which make buoyancy control more challenging. By actively searching for and attempting to capture Spiny Lobster, which are cryptic and maintain close proximity to the reef, lobster-seeking divers damage the benthos at higher rates than divers engaged in non-consumptive recreational activities.

Chemical senses play a critical role in predator-prey and social interactions of many animals. Predators often evoke adaptive escape responses by prey, one of which is the release of chemicals that induce adaptive avoidance behaviors from both predators and conspecifics. I explore the use of chemicals in predator-prey and social interactions, using a crustacean model system, the spiny lobster. As predators, spiny lobsters are opportunistic, polyphagous feeders, and they rely heavily on their chemical senses during feeding. Some of their potential prey deter attacks through chemical defenses that act through the spiny lobsters’ chemical senses. An example of this is sea hares, Aplysia californica, which secrete an ink when vigorously attacked by sympatric spiny lobsters, Panulirus interruptus. I show that that this ink defends sea hares from spiny lobsters through several mechanisms that include phagomimicry, sensory disruption, and deterrence, and that the ink’s efficacy is enhanced by its naturally high acidity. As prey, spiny lobsters rely heavily on their chemical senses to assess risk from predators. One way to assess risk of predation is through ‘alarm cues’, which are injury-related chemicals. I show that injured Caribbean spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus, release alarm cues in their hemolymph, and that nearby conspecifics detect these cues using olfaction. Hemolymph from conspecifics induces primarily alarm behavior in the form of retreat, sheltering, and suppression of appetitive responses. In contrast, hemolymph from heterospecifics, depending on phylogenetic relatedness, induces either mixed alarm and appetitive behaviors or primarily appetitive behaviors. Spiny lobsters also use chemical cues to assess risk during social interactions with conspecific. I show that spiny lobsters use urine-borne chemical signals and agonistic behaviors to communicate social status and that these chemical signals are detected exclusively by the olfactory pathway. Dominant animals increase urine release during social interactions, whereas subordinates do not. Experimental prevention of urine release during interactions causes an increase in agonism, but this increase is abolished when urine of dominants is reintroduced. My findings lay the foundation for neuroethological studies of risk-assessment systems mediated by intraspecific chemical cues.