Despite the adoption of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their targets, people with disabilities continue to experience marginalisation, and they have limited opportunities in society. In Tanzania, Children With Albinism (CWA) do not enjoy full citizenship rights because they are constantly subjected to stigmatisation, discrimination and persecution within their communities. This has forced the government of Tanzania to establish temporary holding shelters to protect these children. While the government appears sensitive to the challenges children with albinism face, the idea of temporary holding shelters blurs the lines of what it means to cultivate social inclusion.  A rights-based conceptual framework for the social inclusion of children helped to identify challenges faced by children with albinism in Tanzania, as well as to advance a new understanding of the voices and knowledge emerging from the Global South. An exploratory research design together with qualitative and abductive approaches were employed, and qualitative content analysis was used in analysing the empirical findings before coding the textual material. Thereafter, an expanded rights based conceptual framework for the social inclusion of children was developed. In the expanded framework, child specific factors namely family, community, social acceptance and social protection were added.

The human rights of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and queer (LGBTIQ) population is repeatedly violated in countries around the world. Discrimination, violence, and state-led persecution towards the LGBTIQ population takes a negative toll on development and will ultimately affect the outcome of SDG 10, reduced inequalities. In an African context, the needs of the LGBTIQ population often go unnoticed when not formally addressed and a lack of inclusion along with a discriminatory legal framework puts the LGBTIQ population at an increased risk of being left behind in the quest to achieve Agenda 2030.  Tanzania holds some of the highest punishments in the world for same-sex acts, with up to life imprisonment. This study is focused on challenges faced by the Tanzanian LGBTIQ group, perceived social inclusion, the current development of LGBTIQ rights, factors that affect this development, and how LGBTIQ rights can be improved. Through an abductive case study, this thesis draws on eighteen semi-structured interviews as its primary sources. It also employs current literature as secondary sources. To analyse the data Queer theory and a rights-based approach are employed to uncover structures that affect LGBTIQ inclusion. Findings suggest that LGBTIQ individuals are under immense societal pressure to conform to heteronormative gender roles to avoid discrimination. Further, LGBTIQ rights are found to be affected by political, cultural, religious, and generational factors. Findings also suggest that local context is important to consider in the process of making norms more favorable for LGBTIQ equality and inclusion. This thesis also highlights areas of improvement for LGBTIQ inclusion and equality in form of eradicating discriminatory laws, in line with SDG 10. As well as capacitating institutions to queer practices with a synergy of a bottom-up and top-down approach.

In the Bushbuckridge Local Municipality (BLM), Mpumalanga, the size and economic importance of the local, mostly informal, cattle trade has been considered negligible to date by local policy makers. Opportunities for the local cattle farmers to access formal live or product markets remain severely limited, mainly as a result of movement restrictions associated with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control. Data, in the form of movement permits and monthly cattle registers were used to analyse movement and trade activity in the area over a four-year period (May 2015 - April 2019). The population fluctuated around 77 166 head of cattle, distributed between 9739 emerging rural livestock farmers. The proportion of animals/products moved ranged between 3.1 and 7.2 percent (0.04 ± 0.02). Movements were found to be highly seasonal (p < 0.001) with the ‘cool dry’ season (April-July) being the most active. Most movements consisted of live cattle which were herded to their destinations. The vast majority of trade did not leave Bushbuckridge and was informal in nature. Farmers moved animals and products much further to access formal markets (p < 0.001) than informal markets, and generally required use of motorised transport to do so. The FMD outbreak of 2017 did not prove detrimental to the local cattle industry in the medium term. However, distinct changes to the overall Bushbuckridge herd dynamics were noted, with small scale farmers most severely affected. As a direct result of the heightened movement restrictions in this period, an estimated 96% of formal trade; 85% of informal trade, and 54% of local trade were lost. In 2018, an improvement in cattle prices stimulated farmers to access the formal marketplace, and an increase in the proportion of the cattle population moved was observed. It was concluded that farmers pursue formal marketing options only when financially incentivised or pressurised by adverse conditions such as environmental factors or disease outbreaks. Growing established local markets is likely the best way to assist the local population with market access, development and poverty reduction. The key constraints to marketability of animals/products originating in the BLM were identified as the absence of a competitive market system and associated infrastructure such as FMD designated abattoirs, disease control regulations, poor carcass quality, and seasonality of offtakes. These limitations will need to be considered when policy decisions are made. Context-specific solutions should be generated to address local needs and effectively support development of a sustainable cattle trade going forward. / Mini Dissertation (MSc (Tropical Animal Health))--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / MSc (Tropical Animal Health) / Unrestricted

Rapid urbanisation is a global phenomenon on the rise. If managed poorly by the cities affected, it may lead to, e.g. segregation, air pollution and civil unrest. In order to avoid these problems and to achieve Sustainable Development Goals, 10, reduce inequality within and among countries and 11, make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, urbanisation policies must be functional, robust and socially sustainable so that the organic growth or poorly executed policies does not lead to problems like segregation, tensions between the inhabitants and civil unrest. This study takes a closer look at a one mega city’s attempt to cope with their rapid urbanisation, the Socio-Economic Stratification (SES) system of Bogotá, Colombia to see if it is a sustainable and efficient urbanisation policy. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in two areas of Bogotá where neighbourhoods are characterised by a significant difference in SES levels. Social Identity Theory and the Social Identity Model of System Attitudes were adopted to analyse the results, focusing on the formation of group identities in the neighbourhoods, intergroup conflictual behaviour, relationships and contact to see whether there exist peaceful coexistence or intergroup conflictual behaviours between the members of the SES systems different levels. The study shows a passively supported but not actively endorsed system, a tendency to place strong classification and stigmas on individuals based on their SES level, the lack of relationships and contact between neighbourhoods, and social identities with intergroup conflictual behaviour in three out of four areas investigated. A less conflictual behaviour is found in individuals that have lived in other SES levels or has had much contact with people from there. The results suggest that urbanisation policies, not only in Bogotá but worldwide, should be implemented where inhabitants are encouraged to interact and diminish segregation. As the segregation stemming from the SES system is causing tensions between the members of the different SES levels and may lead to civil unrest. This study contributes to the deficit in empirical data that exists on the SES system and will work to spark a debate on its implications and highlight people’s experiences from it. The results will also work as material for future research on the SES system and other urbanisation policies worldwide.