The purpose of this study is to present an account of the early career of Daniel Finch from 1679 to 1693. The investigation begins with an account of Finch's rise to prominence in parliament and at the Admiralty. It subsequently traces his role and involvement in the revolution settlement, and, after the accession of William III, Finch's responsibility as Secretary of State dealing principally with ecclesiastical affairs and naval affairs until his dismissal in 1693.

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No description available.

Better understanding the relationship between the results for the U.S. House of Representatives and for state executive offices could potentially be useful in predicting outcomes if a significant relationship is present and if one has more information about either the election for the U.S. House of Representatives candidate or the state executive office candidate. To better understand this relationship, election results were analyzed using regression models for three upper Midwest states - Iowa, Minnesota, and North Dakota - to compare the outcomes of the state executive office elections and the U.S. House of Representative elections. Additionally, median income was included in the models to see if this affected the relationship. Each state had a statistically significant relationship between the results of the state executive offices and the U.S. House of Representatives. Median income either was not statistically significant or not practically significant in overall effect on the relationship.

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Civil servants with close access to monarchs have often been seen as influential advisers. A specific group of civil servants were the Royal Secretaries in Sweden and Spain, and the Secretaries of State in England and France. They all held offices which gave them close and continuous access to their masters. In all the above-mentioned countries these civil servants were recruited from among groups divergent from the political, social and economic elite. This discrepancy in social status was most apparent in Sweden and Spain. In Spain this led to a political conflict between secretaries and the aristocracy, which in turn led to the marginalization of the secretaries; in Sweden a similar political conflict remained unresolved throughout the century. In England and France the old establishment was able to enclose both the administration and its members. In Sweden the aristocracy failed to integrate this new office-holding nobility, thus laying the foundations for the strengthening of a homogeneous group which politically was strongly supportive of the monarchs. In France, England and Sweden the secretaries could use their offices to influence political decisions. This became a problem in Sweden since the Royal Secretaries within their own group were well-integrated by family and friendship connections. By supporting the monarchs, they themselves gained support and towards the end of the century these socially inferior civil servants had grown in importance and formed a politically important group alongside the established nobility. / digitalisering@umu

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Este trabalho visa discutir as inflexões na atuação da Secretaria de Estado da Marinha e Domínios Ultramarinos entre o reinado de D. João V e os primeiros anos do reinado de D. José I, com ênfase no ministério de Diogo de Mendonça Corte Real, de 1750 a 1756. Neste período, o Secretário do Ultramar, ao lado de Sebastião José de Carvalho, Secretário dos Negócios Estrangeiros e Guerra, se tornou o principal assistente do monarca no trato dos negócios coloniais. Diogo de Mendonça remeteu diversos ofícios para orientar as atividades mineradoras e a cultura de alguns novos gêneros na América. Também contribuiu para a reforma do método de tributação das minas, entre 1750 e 1751, e amparou a criação de uma Companhia de Comércio Asiática, em 1753. A Secretaria do Ultramar dava, afinal, importantes demonstrações de que ajudaria a articular diferentes projetos, políticas e reformas para o espaço colonial. É preciso observar que a historiografia, no que toca à história econômica e administrativa do reinado de D. José, se concentrou nas características e resultados das chamadas políticas pombalinas, enquanto outros ministros e instituições coevos do Marquês de Pombal foram deixados à sombra. Diogo de Mendonça Corte Real, não obstante, desempenhou um importante papel na administração do império e não deveria ser considerado um ministro decorativo. Propomos, portanto, um estudo que procure conjugar as possibilidades da ação individual de Diogo de Mendonça com a análise das prerrogativas institucionais da Secretaria de Estado do Ultramar. Procuramos analisar, sobretudo, as relações travadas entre a secretaria, os governadores coloniais e o Conselho Ultramarino, de modo a destacar as principais transformações ocorridas nestes diferentes espaços institucionais nos primeiros anos do reinado de D. José I. / This work aims to discuss the changes in the Secretary of State for the Navy and Overseas Domains between the reign of D. João V and the early years of D. José I, with special emphasis on the ministry of Diogo de Mendonça Corte Real, from 1750 to 1756. In this period, the Secretary for the Navy and Overseas Domains, alongside Sebastião José de Carvalho, Secretary for Foreign Affairs and War, became the principal assistant of the monarch in the treatment of the colonial affairs. Diogo de Mendonça sent several orders and instructions to guide the mining activities and to promote some new agricultural cultures in America. He also contributed to reorganize the taxation of the gold mining in Brazil, between 1750 and 1751, and supported the creation of an Asian Trade Company, in 1753. The Overseas Secretary gave, after all, important signs that it would help to articulate different kinds of projects and reforms for the colonial space. It is necessary to observe that the historiography regarding the economic and administrative history of the reign of D. José focused in the characteristics and results of the so-called Pombaline politics, while others ministers and institutions coeval to the Marquis of Pombal were left in the shadows. Diogo de Mendonça Corte Real, nevertheless, played an important role in the administration of the empire and should not be considered a decorative minister. We propose, therefore, a study that seeks to combine the possibilities of Mendonças individual actions with the analysis of the institutional prerogatives of the Overseas Secretary of State. We seek to approach, above all, the relations maintained between this secretariat, the colonial governors and the Overseas Council, in order to characterize the main transformations that occurred in these institutional spaces in the early years of the reign of D. José I.

Este trabalho visa discutir as inflexões na atuação da Secretaria de Estado da Marinha e Domínios Ultramarinos entre o reinado de D. João V e os primeiros anos do reinado de D. José I, com ênfase no ministério de Diogo de Mendonça Corte Real, de 1750 a 1756. Neste período, o Secretário do Ultramar, ao lado de Sebastião José de Carvalho, Secretário dos Negócios Estrangeiros e Guerra, se tornou o principal assistente do monarca no trato dos negócios coloniais. Diogo de Mendonça remeteu diversos ofícios para orientar as atividades mineradoras e a cultura de alguns novos gêneros na América. Também contribuiu para a reforma do método de tributação das minas, entre 1750 e 1751, e amparou a criação de uma Companhia de Comércio Asiática, em 1753. A Secretaria do Ultramar dava, afinal, importantes demonstrações de que ajudaria a articular diferentes projetos, políticas e reformas para o espaço colonial. É preciso observar que a historiografia, no que toca à história econômica e administrativa do reinado de D. José, se concentrou nas características e resultados das chamadas políticas pombalinas, enquanto outros ministros e instituições coevos do Marquês de Pombal foram deixados à sombra. Diogo de Mendonça Corte Real, não obstante, desempenhou um importante papel na administração do império e não deveria ser considerado um ministro decorativo. Propomos, portanto, um estudo que procure conjugar as possibilidades da ação individual de Diogo de Mendonça com a análise das prerrogativas institucionais da Secretaria de Estado do Ultramar. Procuramos analisar, sobretudo, as relações travadas entre a secretaria, os governadores coloniais e o Conselho Ultramarino, de modo a destacar as principais transformações ocorridas nestes diferentes espaços institucionais nos primeiros anos do reinado de D. José I. / This work aims to discuss the changes in the Secretary of State for the Navy and Overseas Domains between the reign of D. João V and the early years of D. José I, with special emphasis on the ministry of Diogo de Mendonça Corte Real, from 1750 to 1756. In this period, the Secretary for the Navy and Overseas Domains, alongside Sebastião José de Carvalho, Secretary for Foreign Affairs and War, became the principal assistant of the monarch in the treatment of the colonial affairs. Diogo de Mendonça sent several orders and instructions to guide the mining activities and to promote some new agricultural cultures in America. He also contributed to reorganize the taxation of the gold mining in Brazil, between 1750 and 1751, and supported the creation of an Asian Trade Company, in 1753. The Overseas Secretary gave, after all, important signs that it would help to articulate different kinds of projects and reforms for the colonial space. It is necessary to observe that the historiography regarding the economic and administrative history of the reign of D. José focused in the characteristics and results of the so-called Pombaline politics, while others ministers and institutions coeval to the Marquis of Pombal were left in the shadows. Diogo de Mendonça Corte Real, nevertheless, played an important role in the administration of the empire and should not be considered a decorative minister. We propose, therefore, a study that seeks to combine the possibilities of Mendonças individual actions with the analysis of the institutional prerogatives of the Overseas Secretary of State. We seek to approach, above all, the relations maintained between this secretariat, the colonial governors and the Overseas Council, in order to characterize the main transformations that occurred in these institutional spaces in the early years of the reign of D. José I.

The diploma thesis concerns itself with a struggle of the administration of the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia to deal with the consequences of the German action of 17th November, when as a revenge for previous demonstrations Czech universities in the Protectorate were closed and more than a thousand of their students were arrested and sent to concentration camps in Germany. The thesis is divided into 4 main chapters. The first one concerns itself concisely with reasons, course and immediate consequences of the German "Special action of 17th November 1939". The content of the second chapter is formed by an exposition of a struggle to achieve liberation of the jailed students and their comeback home that was realised by the interventions of the state president Hácha and the Protectorate government at the representatives of the occupation regime; and then an inquest of their tactics and its successfulness at these interventions. A topic of the next chapter is a description and an analysis of the problems accompanying the closure of Czech universities, with which the Protectorate government was also forced to deal. Among them there were for example a placement of the students, who were not jailed but prevented from continuing in their studies and whom the Protectorate government strove to protect...