L'ingénierie de la photosynthèse est une voie prometteuse en vue de produire à la fois des vecteurs énergétiques et des molécules plateformes pour palier la raréfaction des ressources fossiles. Le défi à relever est de taille car il faut réussir à mettre au point des procédés solaires de production de biomasse à constante de temps courte (quelques jours), là où une centaine de millions d'années a été nécessaire à la formation du pétrole. Cet objectif pourrait être atteint en cultivant des micro-organismes photosynthétiques dans des photobioréacteurs dont les performances cinétiques en surface et en volume seraient optimales. Une telle optimisation nécessite avant tout une analyse fine des transferts radiatifs au sein du procédé. L'analyse radiative des photobioréacteurs qui est ici proposée s'ouvre sur la détermination des propriétés d'absorption et de diffusion des suspensions de micro-organismes photosynthétiques, à partir de leurs caractéristiques morphologiques, métaboliques et structurales. Une chaîne de modélisation est construite, mise en oeuvre et validée expérimentalement pour des micro-organismes de formes simples ; à terme, la démarche développée pourra directement être étendue à des formes plus complexes. Puis, l'analyse du transfert radiatif en diffusion multiple est introduite et illustrée par différentes approximations qui apparaissent pertinentes pour une conceptualisation des photobioréacteurs, menant ainsi à la construction d'un intuitif nécessaire à leur optimisation. Enfin, la méthode de Monte Carlo est mise en oeuvre afin de résoudre rigoureusement la diffusion multiple en géométries complexes (géométries qui découlent d'une conception optimisée du procédé) et afin de calculer les performances cinétiques à l'échelle du photobioréacteur. Ce dernier calcul utilise une avancée méthodologique qui permet de traiter facilement le couplage non-linéaire du transfert radiatif à la cinétique locale de la photosynthèse (et qui laisse entrevoir de nombreuses autres applications dans d'autres domaines de la physique du transport). Ces outils de simulation mettent à profit les développements les plus récents autour de la méthode de Monte Carlo, tant sur le plan informatique (grâce à une implémentation dans l'environnement de développement EDStar) que sur le plan algorithmique : formulation intégrale, algorithmes à zéro-variance, calcul de sensibilités (le calcul des sensibilités aux paramètres géométriques est ici abordé d'une manière originale qui permet de simplifier significativement sa mise en oeuvre, pour un ensemble de configurations académiques testées). Les perspectives de ce travail seront d'utiliser les outils d'analyse développés durant cette thèse afin d'alimenter une réflexion sur l'intensification des photobioréacteurs, et d'étendre la démarche proposée à l'étude des systèmes photoréactifs dans leur ensemble. / Photosynthesis engineering is a promising mean to produce both energy carriers and fine chemicals in order to remedy the growing scarcity of fossil fuels. This is a challenging task since it implies to design process for solar biomass production associated with short time constant (few days), while oil formation took hundred million of years. This aim could be achieved by cultivating photosynthetic microorganisms in photobioreactors with optimal surface and volume kinetic performances. Above all, such an optimization necessitate a careful radiative study of the process. A radiative analysis of photobioreactors is here proposed that starts with the determination of the absorption and scattering properties of photosynthetic microorganisms suspensions, from the knowledge their morphological, metabolic and structural features. A model is constructed, implemented and validated for microorganisms with simple shapes ; the extension of this approach for the treatment of complex shapes will eventually be straightforward. Then, multiple scattering radiative transfer analysis is introduced and illustrated through different approximations that are relevant for the conceptualization of photobioreactors, leading to the construction of physical pictures that are necessary for the optimization of the process. Finally, the Monte Carlo method is implemented in order to rigorously solve multiple scattering in complex geometries (geometries that correspond to an optimized design of the process) and in order to calculate the kinetic performances of the reactor. In this trend, we develop a novel methodological development that simplies the treatment of the non-linear coupling between radiative transfer and the local kinetic of photosynthesis. These simulation tools also benefit from the most recent developments in the field of the Monte Carlo method : integral formulation, zero-variance algorithms, sensitivity evaluation (a specific approach for the evaluation of sensitivities to geometrical parameters is here developed and shown to correspond to a simple implementation in the case of a set of academic configurations that are tested). Perspectives of this work will be to take advantage of the developed analysis tools in order to stimulate the reflexion regarding photobioreactor intensification, and to extend the proposed approach to the study of photoreactive systems engineering in general.

A espectroscopia fotoacústica é uma técnica muito utilizada na caracterização de materiais. Ela é baseada no efeito fotoacústico, que consiste na geração de som a partir da incidência de radiação eletromagnética intermitente numa amostra confinada numa pequena câmara fechada e preenchida com algum gás. O efeito fotoacústico depende de muitos parâmetros como a freqüência de modulação da radiação eletromagnética incidente e de parâmetros ópticos e térmicos do material em estudo. O modelo de Rosencwaig-Gersho (RG) tem sido empregado na estimativa de parâmetros ópticos e térmicos da amostra utilizando os casos especiais de opacidade e de comportamento térmico do material. Há o interesse em utilizar o modelo RG para a estimativa de dois ou mais parâmetros, simultaneamente. Houve algum sucesso com a aplicação do método inverso utilizando dados experimentais sintéticos, ou seja, utilizando dados gerados pelo modelo RG (método direto), aos quais adiciona-se ruído com o intuito de simular dados experimentais. O objetivo do presente trabalho é a utilização de dados experimentais reais nesta abordagem do método inverso. Para isso foi realizado um projeto de experimento onde se estudou a possibilidade de estimação simultânea de parâmetros a partir das condições gerais do experimento real. Neste projeto de experimento, o estudo dos coeficientes de sensibilidade modificados desempenha um papel central. Desta forma, foi elaborado um algoritmo para o projeto de experimento, onde é estudada a relação entre tais coeficientes e a estimação dos parâmetros feita pelo método inverso. Como exemplo, é apresentada a execução de um projeto de experimento simples, realizado qualitativamente, porém capaz de apontar para um experimento fotoacústico que fornecerá dados experimentais reais para estimativa de um determinado parâmetro físico da amostra. Com esses dados experimentais o problema inverso foi aplicado para a estimação da difusividade térmica da amostra. Por fim, uma discussão é feita com relação ao valor da difusividade térmica obtida pelo método inverso e com relação à abordagem do método inverso na espectroscopia fotoacústica. / Photoacoustic spectroscopy is a very effective technique for optical and thermal characterization of materials. This technique is based on photoacoustic effect. It occurs when a material sample placed inside a closed cell filled with any gas is illuminated with periodically interrupted light. This effect depends on many parameters as modulation frequency of the incident electromagnetic radiation and on optical and thermal properties of the material studied. The Rosencwaig-Gersho (RG) model has been used for parameter estimation where special cases of opaqueness and thermal behavior of the material are considered. One has interest in the use of the general RG model to estimate two or more parameters, simultaneously. In this way, the inverse problem approach has been applied with the direct problem modeled with the general RG model. However, synthetic experimental data has been used in such approach, e.g., noise is added on the data, obtained from direct problem, in order to simulate real experimental data. The main goal of this work is to use the real experimental data in the inverse problem approach. It was needed to carry out the sensitivity study of the parameters with respect to the overall experimental conditions. The modified sensitivity coefficients play an important role in such study. Therefore, an algorithm was built up to study the relationship between modified sensitivity coefficients for the successful inverse approach of parameter estimation. As an example, a simple and qualitative study of sensitivity of the parameters was done, using such algorithm. It pointed out the conditions of the real experimental arrangement in which experimental data were obtained to estimate a unique parameter of the sample. With these experimental data the inverse problem was applied for determining the thermal diffusivity of the sample. Finally, a discussion is presented on the value obtained for the thermal diffusivity by this approach and on the application of the inverse method on the photoacoustic spectroscopy.

Nesta tese é proposta uma implementação para a solução do problema inverso com as estimativas das propriedades radiativas (o albedo de espalhamento simples, a espessura ótica do meio e as reflectividades difusas) a partir dos valores das intensidades de radiação que deixam o meio participante utilizando uma abordagem híbrida de sistemas neuro-fuzzy (SNF), o qual combina a utilização de sistemas de inferência fuzzy com as redes neurais artificiais. Busca-se com a utilização desse sistema híbrido integrar a habilidade dos sistemas fuzzy no tratamento de informações inexatas, imprecisas, e vagas, e a capacidade das redes neurais artificiais de tratar o aprendizado por experiência e a generalização do conhecimento. É proposta também uma metodologia de máquinas de comitês neuro-fuzzy na solução deste problema inverso em transferência radiativa. Foi observado paralelamente que a solução dos sistemas neuro-fuzzy e dos sistemas híbridos de máquinas de comitê neuro-fuzzy, apresentam baixa qualidade nos resultados quando são utilizados os dados experimentais com os menores coeficientes de sensibilidade para os parâmetros que serão estimados. Por outro lado, quando são utilizados dados com maior sensibilidade, são obtidos melhores resultados. Esta abordagem procura evitar a possibilidade da não convergência desses métodos. / In this thesis is proposed an implementation for solving the inverse problem with the estimates of radiative properties (the single scattering albedo, the optical thickness of the media and the diffuse reflectivities) by the values of the intensities of radiation that leaves the participant medium using a hybrid approach of neuro-fuzzy systems, which combines the use of fuzzy inference systems with artificial neural networks. The use of this hybrid system try to include the ability of fuzzy systems in the treatment of inaccurate, imprecise, and vague data, and the ability of artificial neural networks to deal with learning from experience and widespread knowledge. Also is proposed a methodology for machines committees in neuro-fuzzy solution of this inverse problem in radiative transfer. It was observed in parallel that the solution of neuro-fuzzy systems and hybrid systems neuro-fuzzy committee machines, have a poor quality results when using the experimental data with the lowest sensitivity coefficients for the parameters that will be estimated. Moreover, when data are used with greater sensitivity, better results are obtained. This approach seeks to avoid the possibility of non-convergence in such methods.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Um Estudo para a solução numérica do modelo de difusão com retenção, proposta por Bevilacqua et al. (2011), é apresentado, bem como uma formulação implícita para o problema inverso para a estimativa dos parâmetros envolvidos na formulação matemática do modelo. Através de um estudo minucioso da análise de sensibilidade e do cálculo do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, são identificadas as chances de se obter sucesso na solução do problema inverso através do método determinístico de Levenberg-Marquardt e dos métodos estocásticos Algoritmo de Colisão de Partículas (Particle Collision Algorithm - PCA) e Evolução Diferencial (Differential Evolution - DE). São apresentados os resultados obtidos através destes três métodos de otimização para três casos de conjunto de parâmetros. Foi observada uma forte correlação entre dois destes três parâmetros, o que dificultou a estimativa simultânea dos mesmos. Porém, foi obtido sucesso nas estimativas individuais de cada parâmetro. Foram obtidos bons resultados para os fatores que multiplicam os termos diferenciais da equação que modela o fenômeno de difusão com retenção. / A Study for the numerical solution of the diffusion model with retention, proposed by Bevilacqua et al.(2011), using the finite difference method is presented, as well as an implicit formulation for the inverse problem to estimate the parameters involved in the formulation of the mathematical model. Through of a thorougth study of sensitivity analysis and calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient, are identified the chances of success in solving the inverse problem using the deterministic method of Levenberg-Marquardt and stochastic methods Particle Collision Algorithm - PCA and Differential Evolution - DE. Presents the results obtained from these three methods of optimization for three cases of parameter set. We observed a strong correlation between two of these three parameters, making it difficult to estimate simultaneously the same. However, success was obtained in the individual estimates for each parameter. Good results were obtained for the factors that increase the terms of the differential equation that models the phenomenon of diffusion with retention.

Le procédé de soudage à l'arc sous atmosphère inerte (TIG) est souvent employé pour des assemblages nécessitant une grande qualité du joint soudé. Les propriétés du joint soudé dépendent essentiellement du cycle thermique imposé par l'opération de soudage, de la composition chimique du matériau métallique et des mouvements convectifs du métal fondu dans le bain de fusion. L'écoulement du métal liquide dans le bain de fusion modifie la distribution de température en son sein et à proximité, ainsi que la forme géométrique du joint. Afin d'améliorer l'opération de soudage TIG, par exemple pour accroitre la productivité ou éviter des défauts rédhibitoires, il est nécessaire de bien comprendre les phénomènes physiques mis en jeu dans le bain de fusion ainsi que l'effet des paramètres opératoires (intensité, hauteur d'arc, gaz …) sur ces phénomènes physiques. Dans le but d'appréhender les phénomènes mis en jeu au cours de l'opération TIG et dans le bain de fusion, un modèle multi-physique 2D axisymétrique a été établi et résolu par la méthode des éléments finis (MEF). Les forces telles que Lorentz (électromagnétique), Marangoni (Tension superficielle), Boussinesq et la force de cisaillement du plasma d'arc ont été prises en compte au niveau du bain de fusion. Le modèle TIG établi est utilisé pour prédire la distribution de température et la distribution des vitesses dans le bain de fusion ainsi que la forme géométrique du bain de fusion. Un protocole expérimental a été développé dans le but de valider le modèle proposé. Pour cela, une opération de soudage TIG stationnaire (pas de mouvement de la torche) a été réalisée sur un disque métallique. L'opération a été contrôlée par des mesures de température, par une observation de la formation et de l'évolution de la surface du bain de fusion avec une caméra rapide et un enregistrement des paramètres opératoires (intensité et tension). Toutes les données sont synchronisées entre elles pour permettre une analyse expérimentale pertinente. La confrontation des résultats expérimentaux avec le modèle multi-physique du soudage TIG a fait apparaître une assez bonne adéquation, mais des différences existent, essentiellement liées à la méconnaissance des paramètres décrivant le flux de chaleur utilisé dans la simulation. Le flux de chaleur a été modélisé par une fonction Gaussienne qui nécessite la connaissance du rendement du procédé TIG et la distribution spatiale (ou rayon de la Gaussienne). L'estimation de ces paramètres a été réalisée par une méthode inverse. Cette méthode inverse a consisté à estimer les paramètres inconnus à partir des données expérimentales disponibles. La méthode d'optimisation dite de Levenberg-Marquardt, associée à une technique de régularisation itérative, a été utilisée pour estimer les paramètres. La pertinence et la robustesse de cette méthode ont été validées au travers de plusieurs cas numériques ; soit des cas utilisant des données « exactes » ou des données « bruitées ». Trois types d'erreurs ont été analysés séparément : bruit de mesure, erreur sur la position du capteur et imprécision sur la valeur des propriétés thermophysiques. Les deux dernière erreurs sont celles qui impactent fortement le résultat de l'estimation, essentiellement l'estimation du rendement du procédé TIG. Enfin, une partie des données expérimentales a été utilisée pour résoudre le problème inverse. Les paramètres ont été estimés avec une marge d'erreur inférieure à 10% et ils sont en bon accord avec les valeurs trouvées dans la littérature. / Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process is generally used for assemblies that requires high quality weld joint. The microstructure and the weld joint relies mainly on the thermal cycle due to the welding operation, the chemical composition of the metallic material and the complex flow of molten metal in the weld pool. Moreover the fluid flow in the weld pool play a major role in the temperature distribution and the final weld pool shape. Better understanding of the physical phenomena involved in the welding operation, more exactly in the weld pool, are the fundamental step for improving the GTAW operation, for example increase the productivity or avoid defects. In the present research work, a two dimensional axi-symmetric multiphysics model was established in order to predict the weld pool shape evolution in the frame of a stationary Gas Tungsten Arc Welding using a finite element numerical approach. The weld pool model included various driving forces such as self-induced electromagnetic (Lorentz force), surface tension (Marangoni force), buoyancy and the arc plasma drag force. The stated GTAW model is used for predicting the velocity and temperature distribution in the fusion zone and the final weld pool shape. In order to validate the GTAW model, an experimental set up was defined for synchronizing the acquisition of time dependent data such as temperature, weld pool radius and welding process parameters (current and voltage). Image processing algorithms were developed for the time dependent weld pool size identification from the high speed camera images. Comparison between experimental and calculated data exhibited important discrepancies on the temperature field and weld pool radius. These discrepancies are due to the incoming heat flux from the arc plasma into the work piece. The heat flux was modeled with a Gaussian function itself described with few parameters;two of these required to be estimated: GTAW efficiency and Gaussian distribution.An inverse approach is used for estimating these parameters from the available experimental data: temperature, weld pool radius and macrographs. The Levenberg-Marquardt method is used to solve the inverse heat transfer problem coupled to an iterative process regularization. Afterward the inverse heat transfer problem was investigated through few numerical cases in order to verify its robustness to three sorts of error in the input data (measurement noise, sensor location error and inaccuracies associated with the thermophysical properties). The inverse approach was robust to errors introduced on measurement data. However, errors on the position of sensors or on the knowledge of material thermo-physical properties are problematic on the GTAW efficiency estimation. Finally the inverse problem was solved with experimental measurement. The estimated parameters are in good agreement with the literature. The evaluated error on the estimated parameters is less than 10%.

Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une étude rigoureuse des barres d'erreurs et des sensibilités de paramètres neutroniques (tels le keff) aux données nucléaires de base utilisées pour les calculer. Notre étude commence au niveau fondamental, i.e. les fichiers de données ENDF et leurs incertitudes, fournies sous la forme de matrices de variance/covariance, et leur traitement. Lorsqu'un calcul méthodique et consistant des sensibilités est consenti, nous montrons qu'une approche déterministe utilisant des formalismes bien connus est suffisante pour propager les incertitudes des bases de données avec un niveau de précision équivalent à celui des meilleurs outils disponibles sur le marché, comme les codes Monte-Carlo de référence. En appliquant notre méthodologie à trois exercices proposés par l'OCDE, dans le cadre des Benchmarks UACSA, nous donnons des informations, que nous espérons utiles, sur les processus physiques et les hypothèses sous-jacents aux formalismes déterministes utilisés dans cette étude. / This dissertation presents a comprehensive study of sensitivity/uncertainty analysis for reactor performance parameters (e.g. the k-effective) to the base nuclear data from which they are computed. The analysis starts at the fundamental step, the Evaluated Nuclear Data File and the uncertainties inherently associated with the data they contain, available in the form of variance/covariance matrices. We show that when a methodical and consistent computation of sensitivity is performed, conventional deterministic formalisms can be sufficient to propagate nuclear data uncertainties with the level of accuracy obtained by the most advanced tools, such as state-of-the-art Monte Carlo codes. By applying our developed methodology to three exercises proposed by the OECD (UACSA Benchmarks), we provide insights of the underlying physical phenomena associated with the used formalisms.

[pt] No Brasil, os riscos à saúde humana resultantes da exposição a compostos químicos vêm sendo abordados há poucos anos. Em 2009 foi publicada a Resolução CONAMA 420 que deu início à regulamentação desta prática e em 2013 o procedimento de avaliação de riscos à saúde humana em áreas contaminadas foi normatizado através da NBR 16209. Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo de avaliação de risco à saúde humana a partir de um estudo de caso de uma área contaminada com hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs), considerando a exposição de futuros trabalhadores da área. Diante dos resultados obtidos foi realizada uma análise de sensibilidade dos parâmetros do meio físico da área de estudo para que fosse possível determinar e recomendar quais devem ser melhor investigados em estudos de áreas contaminadas com HPAs. Os resultados de risco à saúde humana mostraram que a rota de exposição mais crítica para o estudo de caso é a inalação de vapores em ambientes fechados, devido à ocorrência de compostos de baixo peso molecular, como o naftaleno. A análise de sensibilidade mostrou que o parâmetro do meio físico que exerceu maior influência nos resultados de risco à saúde humana foi a fração de carbono orgânico (FOC). Quanto maior a FOC menor foi o risco por inalação em ambientes abertos, fechados ou contato direto com a água subterrânea. / [en] In Brazil, the risks to human health from exposure to chemical compounds have been discussed since few years ago. In 2009 federal resolution CONAMA 420 was published, starting the regulation of this practice, and in 2013 the procedure of human health risk assessment (HHRA) in contaminated areas was regulated by the Brazilian Regulatory Standard (NBR) 16209. This dissertation presents a HHRA for a case study of an area contaminated with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), considering the exposure of future workers in the area. Based on the results a sensitivity analysis of the soil physical parameters of the study area was performed to determine and recommend which of the parameters should be further investigated in studies of areas contaminated with PAHs. The results of the HHRA showed that the most critical exposure pathway to case study is the inhalation of indoor air due to the occurrence of low molecular weight compounds such as naphthalene. The sensitivity analysis showed that the soil physical parameter that had greater influence on the risk results was the fraction of organic carbon (FOC). The higher the FOC the lower was the risk for inhalation in outdoor spaces, enclosed spaces or direct contact with groundwater.

Cette thèse propose une nouvelle méthode, via les outils de dosimétrie et de statistiques, pour l'évaluation de l'exposition globale d'une population aux champs électromagnétiques (EMFs) radiofréquences en prenant en compte les différentes technologies, usages et environnements... Nous avons analysé pour la première fois l'exposition moyenne d'une population induite par un réseau 3G, tout en considérant à la fois les émissions EMFs montantes et descendantes dans des différents pays, dans des différentes zones géographiques et pour les différents usages des mobiles. Les résultats montrent une forte hétérogénéité de l'exposition dans le temps et dans l'espace. Contrairement à la croyance populaire, l'exposition aux ondes EMFs 3G est dominée par les émissions montantes, résultant de l'usage voix et data. En outre, l'exposition moyenne de la population diffère d'une zone géographique à une autre, ainsi que d'un pays à un autre, en raison des différentes architectures de réseau cellulaire et de la variabilité de l'usage des mobiles. Ensuite, la variabilité et les incertitudes liées à ces facteurs ont été caractérisées. Une analyse de sensibilité basée sur la variance de l'exposition globale a été effectuée dans le but de simplifier son évaluation. Enfin, une méthodologie simplifiée basée sur des outils statistiques avancés a été proposée pour évaluer l'exposition réelle de la population en tenant compte de la variabilité liée à l'environnement de propagation, à l'usage, ainsi qu'aux émissions EMFs provenant des mobiles et des stations de base (BTS). Les résultats ont souligné l'importance de la densité de puissance reçue depuis les BTS pour l'exposition globale induite par un réseau macro LTE. / Wireless communication technologies, since their introduction, have evolved very quickly and people have been brought in 30 years into a much closer world. In parallel radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) are more and more used. As a consequence, people's attentions around health risks of exposure to RF EMFs have grown just as much as their usages of wireless communication technologies. Exposure to RF EMFs can be characterized using different exposure metrics (e.g., incident field metrics, absorption metrics...). However, the existing methodologies are well suited to the maximum exposure assessment for the individual under the worst-case condition. Moreover in most cases, when dealing with exposure issues, exposures linked to RF EMF emitted from base stations (BTS) and by wireless devices (e.g, mobile phones and tablets) are generally treated separately. This thesis has been dedicated to construct and validate a new method for assessing the real day-to-day RF EMF exposure to a wireless network as a whole, exploring the people's daily life, including both downlink and uplink exposures and taking into account different technologies, usages, environments, etc. Towards these objectives, we analyzed for the first time the average population exposure linked to third generation network (3G) induced EMFs, from both uplink and downlink radio emissions in different countries, geographical areas, and for different wireless device usages. Results, derived from device usage statistics, show a strong heterogeneity of exposure, both in time and space. We show that, contrary to popular belief, exposure to 3G EMFs is dominated by uplink radio emissions, resulting from voice and data traffic, and average population EMF exposure differs from one geographical area to another, as well as from one country to another, due to the different cellular network architectures and variability of mobile usage. Thus the variability and uncertainties linked to these influencing factors were characterized. And a variance-based sensitivity analysis of the global exposure was performed for the purpose of simplifying its evaluation. Finally, a substitution model was built to evaluate the day-to-day global LTE induced EMFs exposure of a population taking into account the variability linked to propagation environment, usage, as well as EMFs from personal wireless devices and BTS. Results have highlighted the importance of received power density from BTS to the issue of global exposure induced by a macro LTE network. This substitution model can be further used to analyze the evolution of the wireless network in terms of EMF exposure.

A espectroscopia fotoacústica é uma técnica muito utilizada na caracterização de materiais. Ela é baseada no efeito fotoacústico, que consiste na geração de som a partir da incidência de radiação eletromagnética intermitente numa amostra confinada numa pequena câmara fechada e preenchida com algum gás. O efeito fotoacústico depende de muitos parâmetros como a freqüência de modulação da radiação eletromagnética incidente e de parâmetros ópticos e térmicos do material em estudo. O modelo de Rosencwaig-Gersho (RG) tem sido empregado na estimativa de parâmetros ópticos e térmicos da amostra utilizando os casos especiais de opacidade e de comportamento térmico do material. Há o interesse em utilizar o modelo RG para a estimativa de dois ou mais parâmetros, simultaneamente. Houve algum sucesso com a aplicação do método inverso utilizando dados experimentais sintéticos, ou seja, utilizando dados gerados pelo modelo RG (método direto), aos quais adiciona-se ruído com o intuito de simular dados experimentais. O objetivo do presente trabalho é a utilização de dados experimentais reais nesta abordagem do método inverso. Para isso foi realizado um projeto de experimento onde se estudou a possibilidade de estimação simultânea de parâmetros a partir das condições gerais do experimento real. Neste projeto de experimento, o estudo dos coeficientes de sensibilidade modificados desempenha um papel central. Desta forma, foi elaborado um algoritmo para o projeto de experimento, onde é estudada a relação entre tais coeficientes e a estimação dos parâmetros feita pelo método inverso. Como exemplo, é apresentada a execução de um projeto de experimento simples, realizado qualitativamente, porém capaz de apontar para um experimento fotoacústico que fornecerá dados experimentais reais para estimativa de um determinado parâmetro físico da amostra. Com esses dados experimentais o problema inverso foi aplicado para a estimação da difusividade térmica da amostra. Por fim, uma discussão é feita com relação ao valor da difusividade térmica obtida pelo método inverso e com relação à abordagem do método inverso na espectroscopia fotoacústica. / Photoacoustic spectroscopy is a very effective technique for optical and thermal characterization of materials. This technique is based on photoacoustic effect. It occurs when a material sample placed inside a closed cell filled with any gas is illuminated with periodically interrupted light. This effect depends on many parameters as modulation frequency of the incident electromagnetic radiation and on optical and thermal properties of the material studied. The Rosencwaig-Gersho (RG) model has been used for parameter estimation where special cases of opaqueness and thermal behavior of the material are considered. One has interest in the use of the general RG model to estimate two or more parameters, simultaneously. In this way, the inverse problem approach has been applied with the direct problem modeled with the general RG model. However, synthetic experimental data has been used in such approach, e.g., noise is added on the data, obtained from direct problem, in order to simulate real experimental data. The main goal of this work is to use the real experimental data in the inverse problem approach. It was needed to carry out the sensitivity study of the parameters with respect to the overall experimental conditions. The modified sensitivity coefficients play an important role in such study. Therefore, an algorithm was built up to study the relationship between modified sensitivity coefficients for the successful inverse approach of parameter estimation. As an example, a simple and qualitative study of sensitivity of the parameters was done, using such algorithm. It pointed out the conditions of the real experimental arrangement in which experimental data were obtained to estimate a unique parameter of the sample. With these experimental data the inverse problem was applied for determining the thermal diffusivity of the sample. Finally, a discussion is presented on the value obtained for the thermal diffusivity by this approach and on the application of the inverse method on the photoacoustic spectroscopy.

Nesta tese é proposta uma implementação para a solução do problema inverso com as estimativas das propriedades radiativas (o albedo de espalhamento simples, a espessura ótica do meio e as reflectividades difusas) a partir dos valores das intensidades de radiação que deixam o meio participante utilizando uma abordagem híbrida de sistemas neuro-fuzzy (SNF), o qual combina a utilização de sistemas de inferência fuzzy com as redes neurais artificiais. Busca-se com a utilização desse sistema híbrido integrar a habilidade dos sistemas fuzzy no tratamento de informações inexatas, imprecisas, e vagas, e a capacidade das redes neurais artificiais de tratar o aprendizado por experiência e a generalização do conhecimento. É proposta também uma metodologia de máquinas de comitês neuro-fuzzy na solução deste problema inverso em transferência radiativa. Foi observado paralelamente que a solução dos sistemas neuro-fuzzy e dos sistemas híbridos de máquinas de comitê neuro-fuzzy, apresentam baixa qualidade nos resultados quando são utilizados os dados experimentais com os menores coeficientes de sensibilidade para os parâmetros que serão estimados. Por outro lado, quando são utilizados dados com maior sensibilidade, são obtidos melhores resultados. Esta abordagem procura evitar a possibilidade da não convergência desses métodos. / In this thesis is proposed an implementation for solving the inverse problem with the estimates of radiative properties (the single scattering albedo, the optical thickness of the media and the diffuse reflectivities) by the values of the intensities of radiation that leaves the participant medium using a hybrid approach of neuro-fuzzy systems, which combines the use of fuzzy inference systems with artificial neural networks. The use of this hybrid system try to include the ability of fuzzy systems in the treatment of inaccurate, imprecise, and vague data, and the ability of artificial neural networks to deal with learning from experience and widespread knowledge. Also is proposed a methodology for machines committees in neuro-fuzzy solution of this inverse problem in radiative transfer. It was observed in parallel that the solution of neuro-fuzzy systems and hybrid systems neuro-fuzzy committee machines, have a poor quality results when using the experimental data with the lowest sensitivity coefficients for the parameters that will be estimated. Moreover, when data are used with greater sensitivity, better results are obtained. This approach seeks to avoid the possibility of non-convergence in such methods.