Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Community Psychology in the Department of Psychology at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2001. / Research in the area of child sexual abuse is growing rapidly. A potpourri of literature in this field lacks one very important aspect- the workings of power in relation to abuse. The way in which power is exercised over people, is the most insidious ingredient of distress which sadly affects normal development This research is aimed at studying this core variable in the lives of victims of child sexual abuse. Its special focus is investigating the effect of sexual abuse from the perspective of the 'terrain of power' in which the victims are located. This is achieved by the use of a power-mapping methodology in a group of five victims. With such information a model of helping is displayed which seeks to directly increase power and resources to them. Posttesting in power map form presents the therapeutic gains of this method. Some evaluations of the study and recommendations are drawn from the implications of this thesis.

OBJETIVO: Determinar los factores asociados a la disfunción sexual en gestantes que acuden al consultorio de obstetricia del Hospital San Juan de Lurigancho durante el periodo de julio a setiembre del año 2015. METODOLOGÍA: Es un estudio descriptivo correlacional, prospectivo y transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo, con una muestra de 306 gestantes que acudían al consultorio de obstetricia a quienes se les aplico un cuestionario sobre Índice de función sexual femenina, y otro para identificar los factores asociados a la disfunción sexual durante el embarazo. Para el análisis descriptivo se utilizaron frecuencias absolutas y relativas, para el análisis inferencial se utilizaron herramientas estadísticas de asociación, el test de chi cuadrado (X²) con un nivel de confianza al 95%. RESULTADOS: El 82% de las gestantes atendidas en el Hospital San Juan de Lurigancho presentan disfunción sexual. Los factores socioculturales que están asociados a la disfunción sexual en las gestantes son la edad de la pareja (p=0.000), el grado de instrucción (p=0.000).y la privacidad en el hogar para tener relaciones sexuales (p=0.001). Acerca de los factores biológicos asociados a la disfunción sexual son el Índice de Masa Corporal (p=0.000), la paridad (p=0.000), la edad gestacional (p=0.002) y la no planificación del embarazo (p=0.000). Los factores relacionados a las creencias asociados a la disfunción sexual son el no recibir información sobre las relaciones sexuales durante el embarazo (p=0.000), el pensar que las relaciones sexuales pueden causar algún daño al bebé (p=0.000), alguna complicación durante el embarazo (p=0.000) o alguna complicación durante el parto (p=0.002) y el pensar que existe obligación de cumplirle sexualmente al marido (p=0.027). CONCLUSIÓN: Los principales factores asociados a la disfunción sexual en gestantes que acuden al consultorio de obstetricia del Hospital San Juan de Lurigancho son el Índice de Masa Corporal, la paridad, el grado de instrucción, la privacidad en el hogar para tener relaciones sexuales, el pensar que las relaciones sexuales pueden causar algún daño al bebé o alguna complicación durante el embarazo. PALABRAS CLAVES: Gestante, disfunción sexual, factores asociados. / Tesis

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Youth in the foster care system receive less sexual and reproductive health education, experience higher levels of negative sexual health outcomes, and engage in more risky sexual behaviors than peers not in the foster care system. Counteracting these concerns requires understanding the processes that contribute to these outcomes. A conceptual model interfacing traditional identity development theories and social constructionist theories of social sexualization was developed that posited sociosexual input factors of sexual education and socialization, sexual abuse history, and adverse childhood experiences affect youths’ sexual identity development, which then impacts youths’ level of sexual health. Hierarchical linear regression determined the level of impact of sexual socialization on sexual health within a sample of youth formerly in the foster care system (n = 219). Whether sexual identity development level mediated the relationship between sexuality-related discussions and sexual health was tested as well as how relationship quality moderates the effects of sexuality-related topic discussions on sexual identity development. Further analysis explored differences between the experiences of youth who identified as sexual minorities and their peers who identified as heterosexual. Results indicated that gender identity, sexual orientation, adverse childhood experiences, sexual abuse history, and sexuality-related discussions with foster parents and with peers all impact sexual health. All four dimensions of sexual identity development significantly contributed to sexual health outcomes. Mediation occurred with two of the four sexual identity development dimensions, whereas no moderation effects were indicated. Youth who identified as sexual minorities and youth who identified as heterosexual had significantly different scores on three of four sexual identity development dimensions and youth who identified as sexual minorities had worse sexual health outcomes. Results indicate the importance of the sexual identity development process on sexual health and that youths’ sexual orientation identity must be considered when designing interventions to improve sexual health outcomes.

The development of sexual agency in young women is essential. Adolescence can be a confusing time for many youths as they are forging their way into adulthood. This confusion can be especially difficult for second generation migrants (SGM), a group that are often faced with different cultural spheres when discussing sexual and reproductive health (SRH) topics. This exploratory retrospective study examined the relationship between their cultural affiliations, the sources of SRH provided to SGM girls during adolescence (10-17 years old) and their subsequent level of sexual agency (18-24 years old) as young adults. The sources examined were parents, siblings, friends/peers, teachers and the media. Sexual agency was measured using the Sexual Assertiveness Questionnaire (SAQ) and the Sexual Affect Scale. A small sample of 105 respondents participated in the online survey. The participants reported the media to be their highest-ranking source of actual SRH messages and friends/peers as their preferred source. SRH messages provided by parents and friends/peers were significantly negatively correlated with the overall sexual agency of the participants. The results also present the individual associations between the 14 statements for each of the sources and the sexual agency of the participants. Not being ready for sex was the most cited reason for abstinence and was significantly positively associated with sexual agency.

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ABSTRACT Introduction The health system is struggling with the implementation of a comprehensive and systematic approach to post rape management and HIV prevention, Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP). The main aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of an intervention programme implemented at a rural hospital. Methods The study was conducted in Acornhoek from March 2004 - August 2006. A five-part intervention was introduced, that included centralisation and coordination of post rape care; implementing a hospital rape management policy; a 2 day training workshop for HCW; engaging a broader group of stakeholders and raising community awareness. Three hundred and sixty five of 409 rape survivor patient records were reviewed to assess changes in quality of care of (Voluntary Counselling and Testing) VCT, Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) and Emergency Contraception (EC). One hundred and fifteen clients were followed up to assess clients perceptions of quality of care and their adherence to PEP treatment. Key informant interviews were conducted with 19 service providers to assess whether the intervention had any impact on VCT, PEP and EC services. Results There were improvements in HCW knowledge: when to prescribe EC (22.7% vs. 79.0% OR 12.4 CI 2.5- 60.7); correct prescription of EC (10.3% vs. 61.9%; OR 12.5 CI 2.7-55.8 P<0.001) and use of anti-emetics (17.2% vs. 36.9% P<0.001). VCT services were provided more consistently at the first visit during Phase 2 compared to the Phase 1 (44.1% vs. 59.6% P<0.001). In the Post-Intervention phase 28 day PEP was introduced, thus minimising return visits. Conclusions Improvements in knowledge of the use of EC were greater than improvements in knowledge about the correct use of PEP. There are systematic obstacles to providing VCT and PEP which are difficult to address. One of the repeatedly cited obstacles was the shortage of trained VCT providers. The improvement of sexual assault services hinges on demonstrable commitment from senior management officials to providing good quality post rape care.

Agency theory would predict that, given the presence of large or powerful shareholders in a company, agency costs would be reduced. Excessive executive compensation can be regarded as being an externality problem that stems from the agency problem. Agency theory would also then predict that executives in companies with large shareholders would receive less compensation and a larger proportion of long-term incentive-based compensation than companies with smaller shareholders. The validity of these two hypotheses has been tested using a unique cross-sectional, time series dataset and two statistical techniques. The first set of tests involve the construction of multiple regression models in order to provide evidence as to whether Chief Executive Officer (CEO) compensation is affected by institutional shareholders. The second method, using statistical tests of differences between means, involves separating the sample into two sub-samples, namely management- and owner-controlled firms, to ascertain whether these two groups remunerate their CEOs differently to each other, thus testing the hypotheses in an alternative manner to the regression models. This report examines whether the presence of institutional shareholders affects the level and mix of CEO compensation for 50 companies listed on the JSE Securities Exchange over the five-year period 2002-2006. Original findings on the value of share options awarded to CEOs are presented, along with the trends in the level and mix of CEO compensation. Further research findings also include trends in the level of institutional ownership of listed companies over this period. The results of both the regression models and tests for differences of means provide statistical evidence in support of the assertion that the presence of institutional shareholders do not have an effect on either the level or mix of CEO compensation. Suggested reasons for this result range from shareholder apathy, to not considering executive remuneration to be a significant enough issue for institutional shareholders, and finally to the suggestion that institutional shareholders perceive the level and mix of compensation paid to South African CEOs to be a fair reflection of their value to their company.

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