This study aimed to examine the implementation of the Human Rights Based Approach (HRBA) in the project “Improved WASH Services in WAU and WAR Districts”, focusing on sustainable water and sanitation in Sierra Leone. Through a content analysis of the project evaluation report, the integration of HRBA principles in planning, implementation and results was examined. The results showed that HRBA was applied to some extent in the project, in particular by involving local people in decision-making and emphasizing their rights to water and sanitation. This inclusive methodology increased participation and ownership among the communities. However, it also identified challenges, such as a lack of resources and training, which hindered a more complete integration of HRBA. The analysis highlighted the importance of continuing to work on strengthening HRBA in development projects and addressing the challenges that hinder its effective application. Despite progress in promoting human rights through HRBA, there is still a need to overcome obstacles that can undermine its effectiveness. The conclusion highlighted that HRBA has the potential to be a powerful method for advancing human rights in development, but that its success depends on careful mainstreaming and monitoring. / Denna studie syftade till att undersöka implementeringen av Human Rights Based Approach (HRBA) i projektet "Improved WASH Services in WAU and WAR Districts", med fokus på hållbar vatten och sanitet i Sierra Leone. Genom en innehållsanalys av utvärderingsrapporten för projektet granskades integrationen av HRBA-principer i planering, genomförande och resultat. Resultaten visade att HRBA tillämpades i viss utsträckning i projektet, särskilt genom att involvera lokalbefolkningen i beslutsfattandet och betona deras rättigheter till vatten och sanitet. Denna inkluderande metodik ökade deltagandet och äganderätten bland gemenskaperna. Dock identifierades också utmaningar, såsom bristande resurser och utbildning, som hindrade en mer fullständig integration av HRBA. Analysen betonade vikten av att fortsätta arbeta med att stärka HRBA i utvecklingsprojekt och adressera de utmaningar som hindrar dess effektiva tillämpning. Trots framsteg i att främja mänskliga rättigheter genom HRBA, finns det fortfarande behov av att övervinna hinder som kan underminera dess effektivitet. Slutsatsen framhävde att HRBA har potential att vara en kraftfull metod för att främja mänskliga rättigheter i utvecklingsarbetet, men att dess framgång är beroende av en noggrann integrering och övervakning.

No description available.

Orbicular and comb layer textures in igneous environments are evidence of an unusual heating and cooling regime in small pockets at the edges of crystallizing magmas. Changes in the composition of a magma spark rapid changes in temperature, which cause the temporary suppression of normal crystal nucleation. As the superheated or supercooled magma returns to equilibrium temperature, crystallization occurs exclusively on pre-existing nucleation surfaces (floating xenoliths or wall rocks), creating orbicular and comb layering textures. Orbs and comb layers collected from two localities in the central Sierra Nevada Batholith were analyzed to determine 1) how they formed and 2) what their formation history reveals about the emplacement histories of their respective host plutons. Geochemical analysis including XRF, U-Pb dating and Sr-Nd and O isotope analysis was used to constrain the characteristics of the orbicular magma. Cathodoluminescence as well as macro and microscale petrography was used to determine the specific growth history of the orbs and comb layers. This study shows that orbs and comb layers from both localities formed due to superheating caused by the influx of water into the orbicular melt. Subsequent cooling was caused by mixing–induced depolymerization and fluid enrichment (Big Meadows Creek) or emplacement into a cooler host rock (Deer Creek). Both locations studied are 2–3 Ma younger than their host plutons, indicating that the processes which form orb and comb layers may cause late melting and magma remobilization in larger plutons.

The main purpose of this research was to understand the civil war in Sierra Leone and its antecedents, and to analyse the package of reconstruction reforms which came along in the post-war era and their relevance for and impact on the local challenges for longer term peace. Continued corruption among the political class, the persistent disenfranchisement of important social groups, and emerging tensions along political party lines suggested that, ten years on from the Lomé Peace Accord, there may have been a malaise in the peacebuilding plan. To investigate the complex issues, and to support the hypothesis that the model for reconstruction was not best suited to local conditions and local priorities, the work first made a deep interrogation of the historic political, cultural and economic factors which led to the violent conflict. This scrutiny of the local experience allowed the conceptualisation of a germane 'framework for peace' which represented the most pressing priorities of the local community and the central challenges for peace. The framework reflected the main concerns of the local populace and was used as an analytical tool to better understand the relevance of the model for reconstruction vis-à-vis the local context. Through a critical analysis of the post-war reforms and their impact on the social dimensions of recovery, in particular macro-economic reforms and the promotion of democracy, conclusions were drawn about the appropriateness and efficacy of the model of reconstruction experienced in Sierra Leone and how it supported local priorities for peace. The enquiry found that, in general, the model for reconstruction was not best suited to the local context because of its inflexibility to support the local peacebuilding and its many challenges. In some ways the model for reconstruction heightened residual tensions from the conflict because it failed to address key issues for reform such as governance and social justice.

This dissertation is a comprehensive description of the grammar of Sierra Popoluca (SP, aka Soteapanec), a Mixe-Zoquean language spoken by approximately 28,000 people in Veracruz, Mexico. This grammar begins with an introduction to the language, its language family, a typological overview of the language, a brief history of my fieldwork, and the methodology undertaken in this study. The grammar continues with a description of the phonology of SP, followed by an overview of the word classes, including verbs, nouns, relational nouns/postpositions, adjectives, adverbs, and numbers, and formative types. The bulk of this grammar is devoted to the morphosyntax of Sierra Popoluca, including nouns and nominal morphology, verbs and verbal morphology, and the mechanisms for expressing tense, aspect, mood, and modality. The grammar also describes the complex predicate formation strategies and sentence-level syntax. A compilation of interlinearized texts appears in the appendix. Sierra Popoluca is an agglutinating, polysynthetic, head-marking language with a complex verbal system. It has ergative-absolutive alignment and its grammar is sensitive to animacy and saliency hierarchies, evident in the case marking and `split' plural systems. Its constituent order is verb-initial, although word order is pragmatically determined. Sierra Popoluca has a number of strategies to form complex predicates, which include verb serialization, noun incorporation, and dependent verb constructions. The data available in this grammar contributes a body of data and descriptive analysis to broad theoretical areas of linguistics as well as existing research on the Mixe-Zoquean language family, languages throughout Mesoamerica, and especially the Gulf branch of the Zoquean family. / text

Civil wars have become more prevalent in modern times and present unique challenges to conflict resolution. Third parties often intervene in civil wars attempting to insure that peace is imposed and will persist. However, the impact of third parties on intrastate conflicts remains incomplete. The civil conflict literature does not sufficiently distinguish how third parties promote peaceful outcomes during a peacekeeping operation and why a state remains stable after the peacekeepers leave. By examining data on third party interventions from 1946-2006 and individually examining the case of Sierra Leone, this research concludes that peacekeeping missions promoting transparency, credible information sharing, and strong signals of commitment present the best possibilities for peace during and after the mission. Analysis from empirical tests and case study support that peacekeeping missions are most effective when they allow for credible and reliable communication between domestic adversaries. Ultimately, third parties must promote a political solution between rebel and government factions in civil wars so that peaceful methods of dispute resolution are promoted in the absence of a third party preventing the recurrence of war.

One of the major environmental concerns in the world is the loss of biological diversity due to anthropogenic activities. Of special concern is the conservation of endemic species that are particularly vulnerable to extinction. The Mearns's squirrel (Tamiasciurus mearnsi) is endemic to the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir, Baja California. Federally listed as threatened in Mexico and as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), little is known about the ecology of this southernmost Tamiasciurus. Interestingly, Mearns's squirrels exhibit deviations from common behaviors observed in other congeners such as lack of leaf nests (dreys) and larderhoards (middens), suggesting potentially unique adaptations. Herein, I reviewed the diversity and conservation status of the arboreal squirrels of Mexico. Using radio-telemetry and satellite imagery, I examined if the lack of dreys and middens may be associated with differences observed in nesting behavior, home-range dynamics, and life-history and behavioral tactics between Mearns's squirrels and other arboreal squirrels.Mexico harbors 14 species of arboreal squirrels, of which four are endemic, with the states of Chiapas and San Luis Potosí possessing the greatest diversity. Unfortunately, high deforestation rates in Mexico, and a dearth of information on their ecology, pose serious threats to the persistence of this squirrel diversity. Mearns's squirrels apparently are obligate secondary cavity-nesters with specific nesting requirements and their population possibly limited by the low occurrence of tree cavities in their habitat. The species seems to have lost the territorial behavior that is characteristic of the genus Tamiasciurus. Home-range dynamics of Mearns's squirrels are similar to nonterritorial Sciurus squirrels. Although reproduction and survival are similar to other Tamiasciurus, the species is heavier and apparently larger while exhibiting important variations in their behavior compared to other congeners. The lack of dreys and middens appears to be associated with the unique tactics adopted by Mearns's squirrels to persist in the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir. The species provides an important opportunity to learn more about geographic variation in nesting behavior and the evolution of territoriality. Large trees and snags that facilitate cavity formation are critical for the conservation of this species.

No description available.

Geólogo / El aumento anual entre un 6% y un 7% del consumo eléctrico del país, y la aprobación de la Ley 20.257- de fomento de las energías renovables- ha provocado en los últimos años, una importante búsqueda de fuentes energéticas para la generación eléctrica del país. Especialmente en el área de las energías renovables, donde la geotermia es una de las opciones más viables, debido a las características físicas de nuestro territorio, donde éste tipo de tecnología se caracteriza por tener energía limpia y confiable, la cual no depende de las fluctuaciones climáticas diarias o estacionales. La Formación Cura-Mallín y Trapa-Trapa de edad Oligocena-Miocena Media, es el relleno de la cuenca intra-arco extensional de Cura-Mallín. La inversión de la cuenca de Cura-Mallín del Mioceno-Medio, que alzo la Cordillera Principal en estas latitudes, ha generado falla inversa, pliegues sinclinales y anticlinales, los cuales son estructuras aptas para la recarga y acumulación del sistema geotermal. El volcán Sierra Velluda de 3.585 metros de altura, es inactivo y estable, el cual es la principal fuente de calor de las aguas termales entre este volcán y el río Queuco. Esta zona se compone de las termas de Aillín, Quillaquín, Ceniciento y Nitrao. Las termas de Aillin se ubican más cercanas al volcán Sierra Velluda, cuyas aguas son del tipo Na-Cl-Ca y se ubican en el outflow cercano al upflow del sistema geotermal. La temperatura estimada en sub-superficie de estas termas de 108-163°C. Las termas de Quillaquín son Na-Cl, y sus aguas emergen sobre granito de edad miocena. Las cuales se ubican en el outflow del sistema geotermal, con temperaturas en sub-superficie de 63-113°C. Para las aguas termales de Ceniciento de tipos Na-HCO3-Cl, ubicadas en la zona de transición del outflow y la periferia del sistema geotermal, se estimaron temperaturas en sub-superficie de 54-101°C. Las aguas termales de Nitrao son del tipo Na-HCO3, se encuentran localizadas en la zona más distal del sistema geotermal, en donde las temperaturas en sub-superficie fueron estimadas de 57-90°C. Los modelos de mezcla evidencian que las aguas termales de la zona exceptuando a las Termas de Nitrao, presentan mezcla con aguas superficiales.

Geólogo / Las unidades litoestratigráficas cenozoicas del sector nororiental de los Andes Patagónicos Australes de la región de Magallanes han sido pobremente estudiadas del lado chileno de la frontera. En esta zona, el borde occidental de la cuenca de antepaís presenta una estructura monoclinal manteando hacia el este, en el dominio externo de la faja plegada y corrida de los Andes Australes (Ghiglione et al., 2009; Fosdick et. al., 2011; Likerman et al., 2013). En Sierra Baguales (50°51'24.12 S, 72°19'53.89 O), Cecioni (1957b) definió la Formación Las Flores como 160 m de depósitos de areniscas intercaladas con limolitas grises continentales. Correlacionada con la Formación El Salto (González y Tapia, 1952a) a través de improntas foliares de Nothofagus sp., se le asignó una edad oligocena superior miocena inferior. Tras los trabajos de ENAP en la década del 50' y 60', sólo estudios como Le Roux et al. (2010) y Bostelmann et al. (2013) han analizado con cierto detalle las unidades cenozoicas en este territorio. El presente trabajo revisa el estratotipo de la Formación Las Flores, para determinar su validez y sus relaciones con otras unidades litoestratigráficas del sector. La zona de estudio comprende el chorrillo Las Flores, paralelo al río Baguales, 120 km al norte de la ciudad de Puerto Natales. Se realizó una campaña de trabajo durante el mes de marzo de 2013, recorriendo localidades del río Baguales, río Bandurrias y de las estancias 3R, Baguales, La Cumbre, Los Leones y Cerro Guido. En ésta se realizó una columna estratigráfica en detalle del estratotipo de la Formación Las Flores, afloramiento escarpado y prominente en la ladera este del cañadón norte-sur tras el cerro Torta. Se midió la potencia con cinta métrica y se corrigió con brújula Brunton. Se realizaron descripciones litológicas, colecta de muestras geológicas y de restos fósiles. La columna, de 56.8 m, constó de seis sub-unidades: limolitas y areniscas macizas azules a amarillas (sub-unidad A); areniscas medias con estratificación cruzada planar de bajo ángulo y bioturbaciones (B); areniscas muy finas a medias intercaladas con limolitas, estratificación cruzada planar de alto ángulo y trazas de Spongeliomorpha isp., Thalssinoides suevicus y Ophiomorpha nodosa (C); areniscas azules con estratificación cruzada planar de alto ángulo y concreciones rojas (D); intercalaciones de areniscas amarillas y limolitas grisáceas con improntas foliares mal preservadas de Nothofagus sp. (E); areniscas medias amarillas, estratificación cruzada planar de ángulo medio, moldes de Modiomytilus mercerati, dientes de tiburón y trazas de T. suevicus, O. nodosa y Skolithos sp. (F). El techo está cubierto por depósitos glaciales cuaternarios y un filón basáltico de ca. 100 m de espesor. Se determinó un sistema deposicional de borde costero. La asociación de icnogéneros indicó la icnofacies de Skolithos. Se sugirió la interpretación de tres facies sedimentarias: planicie mareal (A, E), barra mareal (B, D, F) y un posible canal mareal (C). Se asignó un sistema estuarino dominado por mareas. No se descartaron deltas dominado por mareas ni por olas. Debido a la errónea definición y diferencias en extensión, potencia, ambiente deposicional y relaciones estratigráficas, se propone descartar la Formación Las Flores y nombrar momentáneamente las unidades con la Formación Man Aike (Piatnitzky, 1938; Feruglio, 1938; Furque, 1973; Marenssi et al., 2002), del final del Eoceno medio.