Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta a implementação e validação de um modelo de servidor web que divide o funcionamento de o servidor web em quatro módulos onde cada um desses módulos é responsável por uma etapa que a requisição percorre ao longo de seu processamento. Esses módulos são: atendimento da requisição (módulo 1), transferência do arquivo para a memória principal (módulo 2), processamento de requisições dinâmicas (módulo 3) e envio do arquivo ao cliente (módulo 4). Esses quatro módulos são interligados e são alimentados primeiramente por uma carga inicial gerada pelo gerador de cargas W4Gen e passa obrigatoriamente, nessa ordem, pelo módulo 1, módulo 2 e módulo 4. O módulo 3 só é utilizado quando se trata de uma requisição dinâmica. Ao ser atendido por um dos módulos, é atribuído um tempo de execução (leia-se tempo que a requisição toma para ser processada por esse módulo). Esses tempos foram baseados em trabalhos que fizeram benchmarks em servidores web reais. Os resultados alcançados com o desenvolvimento deste trabalho visam principalmente integrar-se aos trabalhos de simulação envolvendo servidores web do grupo de Sistemas Distribuídos e Programação Concorrente (LaSDPC) e com isso alcançar resultados próximos a resultados aplicados em servidores web reais / This work presents the implementation and validation of a web server model that divides the web server functions into four modules and each one of these is responsible for an execution step, in which a request goes through during processing. These modules are: request serving (module 1); file transferring to the main memory (module 2); dynamic request processing (module 3); and client file sending (module 4). These four modules are linked and the W4Gen generates the initial loads. These loads run in the order as follows: modules 1, 2 and 4. The module 3 is used only when the request is dynamic. When a request is served by a module, an execution time is defined (i.e. the time used by the request in the module), which is based on real world web servers benchmark\'s. The results obtained in the work aims to be integrated to other projects conduced in the Distributed System and Concurrent Programming group (LaSDPC) in order to reach results close to real world web servers

Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta a implementação e validação de um modelo de servidor web que divide o funcionamento de o servidor web em quatro módulos onde cada um desses módulos é responsável por uma etapa que a requisição percorre ao longo de seu processamento. Esses módulos são: atendimento da requisição (módulo 1), transferência do arquivo para a memória principal (módulo 2), processamento de requisições dinâmicas (módulo 3) e envio do arquivo ao cliente (módulo 4). Esses quatro módulos são interligados e são alimentados primeiramente por uma carga inicial gerada pelo gerador de cargas W4Gen e passa obrigatoriamente, nessa ordem, pelo módulo 1, módulo 2 e módulo 4. O módulo 3 só é utilizado quando se trata de uma requisição dinâmica. Ao ser atendido por um dos módulos, é atribuído um tempo de execução (leia-se tempo que a requisição toma para ser processada por esse módulo). Esses tempos foram baseados em trabalhos que fizeram benchmarks em servidores web reais. Os resultados alcançados com o desenvolvimento deste trabalho visam principalmente integrar-se aos trabalhos de simulação envolvendo servidores web do grupo de Sistemas Distribuídos e Programação Concorrente (LaSDPC) e com isso alcançar resultados próximos a resultados aplicados em servidores web reais / This work presents the implementation and validation of a web server model that divides the web server functions into four modules and each one of these is responsible for an execution step, in which a request goes through during processing. These modules are: request serving (module 1); file transferring to the main memory (module 2); dynamic request processing (module 3); and client file sending (module 4). These four modules are linked and the W4Gen generates the initial loads. These loads run in the order as follows: modules 1, 2 and 4. The module 3 is used only when the request is dynamic. When a request is served by a module, an execution time is defined (i.e. the time used by the request in the module), which is based on real world web servers benchmark\'s. The results obtained in the work aims to be integrated to other projects conduced in the Distributed System and Concurrent Programming group (LaSDPC) in order to reach results close to real world web servers

A multi-body simulation study was undertaken to investigate the running behavior of a rail grinder vehicle with newly developed Ganz bogies. The main purpose of the simulations was to forecast and support the vehicle acceptance tests and support the ongoing development. A multi-body model was built in Simpack and the most critical force elements were isolated and validated by tests. Derailment safety was assessed based on both European and Australian standards. The vehicle's running stability was carried out for both standard (1435mm) and broad gauge (1676mm) versions. Vehicle sway characteristics were determined through the calculation of flexibility coefficient both numerically and analytically. A parametric study for primary vertical damper was undertaken to assess the empirically selected dampers and optimize the performance. The results show that the damping coefficient can be greatly reduced while maintaining acceptable running behavior, thus the lifetime of dampers can be increased. Based on stability investigations, yaw damper installation is not necessary, though the bracketry for the possibility of later installation will remain on the prototype bogie. / En flerkroppssimulering genomfördes med hjälp av Simpack med syfte att undersöka gångegenskaperna hos ett järnvägsslipfordon, med boggi som nyligen utvecklats av Ganz. Huvudsyftet bakom simuleringarna var att förutspå - och underlätta godkännandet av fordonets acceptanskrav samt underlätta pågående utveckling.  En flerkroppsmodell konstruerades och de mest kritiska kraftbärande elementen undersöktes - och verifierades separat med hjälp av tester. Säkerhetsaspekterna kring urspårning undersöktes utifrån både europeiska och australiska standarder. Fordonets gångstabilitet bedömdes med både standard - samt bred spårviddsvarianter. Fordonets svängningsegenskaper bestämdes genom att genomföra beräkningar av flexibilitetskonstanten både numeriskt och analytiskt.  En parameterstudie genomfördes för fordonets primära vertikala dämpare med avsikt att evaluera empiriskt valda dämpare samt optimera prestanda. Resultaten visar att dämpningskoefficienten avsevärt kan minskas samtidigt som acceptabel rullningsförmåga behålls, vilket därmed förlänger dämparens livstid. Installation av girdämpare är inte nödvändigt, baserat på stabilitetsundersökningar, dock behålls fästen på boggi-prototypen för att möjliggöra framtida monteringar av sådana element.

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Forschungsdisziplin, welche in der Strukturmechanik als Modellordnungsreduktion bekannt ist. Im Mittelpunkt stehen Kopplungsprozesse von starren und elastischen Mehrkörpersystemen - sowohl in theoretischer Hinsicht als auch bezüglich der praktischen Realisation im Rahmen des Finite-Elemente-Programms ANSYS und des Mehrkörpersimulationsprogramms SIMPACK. Eine Vielfalt von strukturerhaltendenMOR-Methoden wurde zum Zwecke des Überblicks dargestellt. Darüber hinaus findet sich eine Kategorisierungsmethodik in Hinsicht auf den später beschriebenen FEM-MKS-Kopplungsprozess. Die Effizienz der MOR-Methoden wird sowohl hinsichtlich der Qualität der ROM als auch bezogen auf die hierfür benötigte Rechenzeit bemessen. Aus diesem Grunde wurden etliche MOR Schemata dargelegt, mit dem Ziel, den Effizienzfaktor während der Berechnung eines ROMs zu maximieren, das heißt maximale Qualität und minimale Rechenzeit zu erzielen. Die Validierung der dynamischen ROM-Eigenschaften basiert auf der Anwendung der sogenannten Modellkorrelationskriterien. Dies wurde an vier Anwendungsbeispielen aus dem Feld der Strukturmechanik getestet: der 3D-Balkenstruktur, der UIC60-Schiene, dem Pleuel und der Kurbelwelle. Die Anwendung der diagonal perturbation-Methodik verbessert die Kondition der Steifigkeitsmatrix eines Modells, von beiden Arten von Lösungsprozeduren, d.h. direkte und iterative Verfahren, betroffen sind. Die dynamische Bewegung mechanischer MKS wird als ein Index-3-DAE-Systemformuliert und die Information über die elastischen Körper wird in Form der sogenannten Standard Input Datei in einen MKS-Code transferriert. Die Einführung des Back-projection-Ansatzes ermöglicht die weitere Verwendung bestimmter ROM-Typen, derren assoziierten physikalische Eigenschaften unangemessen definiert wurden. Zum Abschluss werden die theoretischen, modellierenden und numerischen Fortschritte der Arbeit resümiert und kombiniert im Sinne der Model Order Reduction Package Toolbox (MORPACK). Die Matlab-basierte MORPACK-Toolbox ermöglicht den FEM-MKS-Kopplungsprozess für die Verwendung von ANSYS und SIMPACK. Hierin sind ein Großteil der zuvor erläuterten Erweiterungen eingeschlossen. Mit Hilfe der zwei integrierten inneren MOR- und SID-Schnittstellen als auch der vier Anwendungsebenen wird der Import von freien oder eingespannten ROM in SIMPACK ermöglicht. / The research discipline referred to as the Model Order Reduction in structural mechanics is the topic of this Thesis. Special emphasis is given to the coupling process of rigid and elastic Multi Body Dynamics in terms of both the theoretical aspects and the practical realization within the environment of the commercial Finite Element and the Multi Body Systems software packages, ANSYS and SIMPACK respectively. In this regard, a variety of structure preserving Model Order Reduction methods is presented and a categorization methodology is provided in view of the later FEM-MBS coupling process. The algorithmic scheme of several of the MOR methods indicates the capability of generating qualitatively better Reduced Order Models than the standardized Guyan and Component Mode Synthesis approaches. The efficiency of a MOR method is measured in terms of both the quality of the ROM and the associated time required for the .computation Based on the application of the, so called, Model Correlation Criteria the efficiency of the MOR schemes is tested on four application examples originating from the area of structural mechanics, i.e. the 3D elastic solid bar structure, the UIC60 elastic rail, the elastic piston rod, and the elastic crankshaft model. Herewith, the superiority of alternative MOR schemes in comparison to Guyan or CMS methods is demonstrated in terms of the ROM?s quality and the computation time by the use of either the one-step or the two-step MOR algorithms. Numerous of the FE discretized structures suffer from the, so called, ill-conditioned properties regarding the associated stiffness matrix. On one hand, the direct solution of a MOR method might produce erroneous ROMs due to the associated truncation phenomenon and on the other hand, any kind of iterative approach suffers from vast computation times. The application of the diagonal perturbation methodology improves the condition properties of the model?s stiffness matrix and thus, both kinds of the aforementioned solution procedures are affected. The back-projection approach is introduced, which projects the ROM belonging to the Non physical subspace reduction-expansion methods category back onto the physical configuration space and thus, enabling its further usage in a MBS code, e.g. SIMPACK. Finally, the theoretical, modelling, and numerical advancements are combined in terms of the Model Order Reduction Package. The Matlab-based MORPACK toolbox enables the FEM-MBS coupling process for the ANSYS-SIMPACK utilization and herewith, several of the aforementioned enhancements are included. With the help of the two integrated inner interfaces, i.e. MOR and SID, as well as four application levels, the import into SIMPACK of alternatively free or fixed ROMs is enabled. The functionality of MORPACK is demonstrated based on two application examples, namely, the 3D elastic solid bar and the UIC60 elastic rail, the dynamic properties of which are validated prior to their import into SIMPACK.

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Forschungsdisziplin, welche in der Strukturmechanik als Modellordnungsreduktion bekannt ist. Im Mittelpunkt stehen Kopplungsprozesse von starren und elastischen Mehrkörpersystemen - sowohl in theoretischer Hinsicht als auch bezüglich der praktischen Realisation im Rahmen des Finite-Elemente-Programms ANSYS und des Mehrkörpersimulationsprogramms SIMPACK. Eine Vielfalt von strukturerhaltendenMOR-Methoden wurde zum Zwecke des Überblicks dargestellt. Darüber hinaus findet sich eine Kategorisierungsmethodik in Hinsicht auf den später beschriebenen FEM-MKS-Kopplungsprozess. Die Effizienz der MOR-Methoden wird sowohl hinsichtlich der Qualität der ROM als auch bezogen auf die hierfür benötigte Rechenzeit bemessen. Aus diesem Grunde wurden etliche MOR Schemata dargelegt, mit dem Ziel, den Effizienzfaktor während der Berechnung eines ROMs zu maximieren, das heißt maximale Qualität und minimale Rechenzeit zu erzielen. Die Validierung der dynamischen ROM-Eigenschaften basiert auf der Anwendung der sogenannten Modellkorrelationskriterien. Dies wurde an vier Anwendungsbeispielen aus dem Feld der Strukturmechanik getestet: der 3D-Balkenstruktur, der UIC60-Schiene, dem Pleuel und der Kurbelwelle. Die Anwendung der diagonal perturbation-Methodik verbessert die Kondition der Steifigkeitsmatrix eines Modells, von beiden Arten von Lösungsprozeduren, d.h. direkte und iterative Verfahren, betroffen sind. Die dynamische Bewegung mechanischer MKS wird als ein Index-3-DAE-Systemformuliert und die Information über die elastischen Körper wird in Form der sogenannten Standard Input Datei in einen MKS-Code transferriert. Die Einführung des Back-projection-Ansatzes ermöglicht die weitere Verwendung bestimmter ROM-Typen, derren assoziierten physikalische Eigenschaften unangemessen definiert wurden. Zum Abschluss werden die theoretischen, modellierenden und numerischen Fortschritte der Arbeit resümiert und kombiniert im Sinne der Model Order Reduction Package Toolbox (MORPACK). Die Matlab-basierte MORPACK-Toolbox ermöglicht den FEM-MKS-Kopplungsprozess für die Verwendung von ANSYS und SIMPACK. Hierin sind ein Großteil der zuvor erläuterten Erweiterungen eingeschlossen. Mit Hilfe der zwei integrierten inneren MOR- und SID-Schnittstellen als auch der vier Anwendungsebenen wird der Import von freien oder eingespannten ROM in SIMPACK ermöglicht. / The research discipline referred to as the Model Order Reduction in structural mechanics is the topic of this Thesis. Special emphasis is given to the coupling process of rigid and elastic Multi Body Dynamics in terms of both the theoretical aspects and the practical realization within the environment of the commercial Finite Element and the Multi Body Systems software packages, ANSYS and SIMPACK respectively. In this regard, a variety of structure preserving Model Order Reduction methods is presented and a categorization methodology is provided in view of the later FEM-MBS coupling process. The algorithmic scheme of several of the MOR methods indicates the capability of generating qualitatively better Reduced Order Models than the standardized Guyan and Component Mode Synthesis approaches. The efficiency of a MOR method is measured in terms of both the quality of the ROM and the associated time required for the .computation Based on the application of the, so called, Model Correlation Criteria the efficiency of the MOR schemes is tested on four application examples originating from the area of structural mechanics, i.e. the 3D elastic solid bar structure, the UIC60 elastic rail, the elastic piston rod, and the elastic crankshaft model. Herewith, the superiority of alternative MOR schemes in comparison to Guyan or CMS methods is demonstrated in terms of the ROM?s quality and the computation time by the use of either the one-step or the two-step MOR algorithms. Numerous of the FE discretized structures suffer from the, so called, ill-conditioned properties regarding the associated stiffness matrix. On one hand, the direct solution of a MOR method might produce erroneous ROMs due to the associated truncation phenomenon and on the other hand, any kind of iterative approach suffers from vast computation times. The application of the diagonal perturbation methodology improves the condition properties of the model?s stiffness matrix and thus, both kinds of the aforementioned solution procedures are affected. The back-projection approach is introduced, which projects the ROM belonging to the Non physical subspace reduction-expansion methods category back onto the physical configuration space and thus, enabling its further usage in a MBS code, e.g. SIMPACK. Finally, the theoretical, modelling, and numerical advancements are combined in terms of the Model Order Reduction Package. The Matlab-based MORPACK toolbox enables the FEM-MBS coupling process for the ANSYS-SIMPACK utilization and herewith, several of the aforementioned enhancements are included. With the help of the two integrated inner interfaces, i.e. MOR and SID, as well as four application levels, the import into SIMPACK of alternatively free or fixed ROMs is enabled. The functionality of MORPACK is demonstrated based on two application examples, namely, the 3D elastic solid bar and the UIC60 elastic rail, the dynamic properties of which are validated prior to their import into SIMPACK.

The goal of this thesis work is to evaluate and quantify the advantages and disadvantages of Active Rear Steering (ARS). The evaluation is carried out through Multi-Body System (MBS) simulations. An analytical model has been developed to better understand the basic dynamics of vehicles equipped with rear steering. In parallel, a high fidelity MBS model is developed in Simpack. This model includes suspension kinematics and compliance, allowing for detailed analyses of steering hardware performance. Next, different control strategies aiming at improving manoeuvrability, stability and agility are implemented in Simulink. In order to assess their effectiveness, the high fidelity model is utilised by running co-simulation with Simulink. Manoeuvrability is assessed through constant steer, constant radius and ramp steer manoeuvres. Stability is assessed through transient manoeuvres such as step steer and sine with dwell. Agility is assessed through step steer and frequency response. Ultimately, also a subjective assessment is carried out by means of Volvo Cars' dynamic driving simulator. The conclusion from the assessment is that the drivers feel the all wheel steered vehicle more stable during evasive manoeuvres. It is concluded that for manoeuvrability the minimum turning radius is reduced by 19 % at low velocity; this implies that the steering angle request is reduced at low velocity, while it is increased at high velocity. A slightly higher steering angle request at high velocity might be beneficial since the driver would be able to control the vehicle in a wider range of steering wheel angles. For agility the results are contradicting: on the one hand, according to the step steer rise time difference between lateral acceleration and yaw rate, the controlled vehicles are performing worse than the passive vehicle; on the other hand, according to the frequency response analysis, both the delays between steering input and yaw rate and between lateral acceleration and yaw rate are reduced up to respectively 75 % and 46 % for the considered frequency range. Finally, for stability, the yaw rate overshoot from a step steer can be reduced up to 65 % at high velocity and the sideslip angle can always be reduced. The vehicle equipped with ARS outperforms the passive vehicle in the sine with dwell manoeuvre. / Målet med detta examensarbete är att utvärdera och kvantifiera fördelarna och nackdelarna med Active Rear Steer (ARS) för Volvo Cars. Utvärderingen utförs genom Multi-Body System (MBS) simuleringar. En analytisk modell har utvecklats för att bättre förstå den grundläggande dynamiken i fordon utrustade med bakhjulsstyrning. Parallelt utvecklades en MBS-modell med hög precision i Simpack. Denna modell inkluderar hjulupphängningens kinematik och eftergivlighet, vilket möjliggör detaljerade analyser av styrhårdvarans prestanda. Därefter implementeras olika kontrollstrategier som syftar till att förbättra manövrerbarhet, stabilitet och agilitet i Simulink. För att bedöma deras effektivitet används MBS-modellen för att köra co-simulering med Simulink.Manövrerbarhet bedöms genom konstant styrning, konstant radie och rampstyrning. Stabilitet bedöms genom transienta manövrar som stegstyrning och sinus med fördröjning. Agilitet bedöms genom stegstyrning och frekvensrespons. Slutligen görs också en subjektiv bedömning med hjälp av Volvo Cars dynamiska körsimulator. Slutsatsen från bedömningen är att förarna anser att fordonet upplevs vara mycket stabilare vid undanmanövrar. Vidare är slutsatsen att för manövrerbarhet minskar den minsta svängradien med 19 % vid mycket låg hastighet; detta innebär att styrvinkel reduceras vid låg hastighet, medan den ökar vid hög hastighet. En något högre styrvinkeln kan vara fördelaktig eftersom föraren skulle kunna styra fordonet i ett större rattvinkelområde. För agilitet är resultaten motsägelsefulla: å ena sidan, enligt stegstyrningstidsskillnaden mellan lateral acceleration och girhastighet, fungerar de aktiva fordonen sämre än det passiva fordonet; å andra sidan, enligt frekvensresponsanalysen, reduceras både fördröjningarna mellan girhastighet och styrvinkel och mellan lateral acceleration och girhastighet upp till ungefär 30 %. Slutligen, för stabilitet, kan girhastighetens översläng från en stegstyrning minskas upp till 65 % vid hög hastighet och avdriftsvinkeln kan alltid minskas. Fordonet som är utrustat med ARS överträffar det passiva fordonet i manövern sinus med fördröjning.