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Arbetet avhandlar vettingens framtida utveckling inom den kommande tioårsperioden(2013-2023), baserat på kvalitativa intervjuer med erfarna, väl insatta personer i tankochvettingbranschen. Intervjusvaren analyseras i diskussionsdelen och ger läsaren enbild av hur vettingen kan tänkas se ut om tio år, och hur vettingen kan förändras för atteffektiviseras ytterligare. Vettingen kommer troligtvis öka i omfattning under dennakommande tioårsperiod, med ökat antal arbetstimmar och ökad resursåtgång som följd.Antalet inspektioner kommer troligen att öka, både i antal och även tidsåtgången perinspektion kommer att öka. Ett införande av SIRE-vetting fullt ut är troligtvis inte attvänta, på grund av oljebolagens oförmåga att enas om var fokus skall ligga vid eninspektion. Fokus vid en inspektion kan komma att skiftas, troligtvis från kontroll avteknisk hårdvara och certifikat, till att se till fartyget som helhet, och i störreutsträckning utvärdera besättningen och dess kompetens.

The objectives of this study were to determine if fixed-timed artificial insemination (FTAI) at two different times, 0 or 24 h after GnRH administration, in a Presynch-Ovsynch protocol influenced the pregnancy rate (PR) when average and high fertility sires were used. Additionally, a second experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of CIDR inserts to allow for resynchronization of estrus in cows that did not conceive or maintain the conceptus at FTAI. Lactating Holstein cows (n = 1,457) from two well-managed dairy herds located in the piedmont region of North Carolina were utilized for 12 mo. First artificial insemination (AI) PR differed for fertility group and was 24.1 and 29.2% for average and high fertility group, respectively. Timing of AI did not influence first AI PR and there was no interaction of fertility group and timing of AI. Cows that received a CIDR insert were detected more frequently in estrus during a 4 d period, d 21 to 24, than control cows, 92.5 and 62.0%, respectively. However, the CIDR insert did not increase the detection of estrus compared to control cows over a normal estrus return interval of 7 d, 18 to 24 d after GnRH administration of a FTAI protocol, 28.8 and 34.2% respectively. In conclusion, the use of high fertility sires is a practical recommendation for improving first AI PR and CIDR inserts allowed more cows to be detected in estrus during a shorter interval, but did not increase the estrus detection rate during a normal estrus return interval. / Master of Science

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Vi har valt att undersöka om oljebolagens krav är högre än hamnstatens eftersom vi under vår tid till sjöss har kommit i kontakt med ämnet ett flertal gånger. Ombord i fartygen pratas det mycket om inspektioner och de anses många gånger vara onödigt petiga. Resultatet i vår studie har visat att inspektionerna medför en ökning av säkerheten och medvetenheten av risker som kan föreligga. Vi redogör även för om det finns en möjlighet att slå samman inspektionerna för att reducera påfrestningen hos besättningen. För att få en inblick i organisationernas arbete har vi valt att göra en kvalitativ studie, grundad på strukturerade intervjufrågor som har ställts till oljebolag, ombordbefäl och inspektörer från Transportstyrelsen. Vid framställningen av resultatet transkriberade vi intervjuerna och delade sedan upp materialet i kategorier för att läsaren på ett enkelt sätt skall kunna följa studien från början till slut. / We have chosen to investigate if the oil companies requirements are higher than the Port States. During our time at sea as cadets we have been in contact with inspections several times. The crew members are often talking about these inspections and experience them as to critical. The results of our study has shown that the inspections are increasing the safety and awareness of risks that may exist. We will also describe wether there is a possibility to merge the inspections to reduce fatigue among the crew. To get an insight in the activities of the organisations we have decided to found our study based on interviews with oil companies, officers onboard and inspectors from Transportstyrelsen. During the process to complete the result we transcribed the interview material and divided it into categories, this will make it easier for the reader to follow our study.

<p>Vi har valt att undersöka om oljebolagens krav är högre än hamnstatens eftersom vi under vår tid till sjöss har kommit i kontakt med ämnet ett flertal gånger. Ombord i fartygen pratas det mycket om inspektioner och de anses många gånger vara onödigt petiga.</p><p>Resultatet i vår studie har visat att inspektionerna medför en ökning av säkerheten och medvetenheten av risker som kan föreligga. Vi redogör även för om det finns en möjlighet att slå samman inspektionerna för att reducera påfrestningen hos besättningen.</p><p>För att få en inblick i organisationernas arbete har vi valt att göra en kvalitativ studie, grundad på strukturerade intervjufrågor som har ställts till oljebolag, ombordbefäl och inspektörer från Transportstyrelsen.</p><p>Vid framställningen av resultatet transkriberade vi intervjuerna och delade sedan upp materialet i kategorier för att läsaren på ett enkelt sätt skall kunna följa studien från början till slut.</p> / <p>We have chosen to investigate if the oil companies requirements are higher than the Port States. During our time at sea as cadets we have been in contact with inspections several times. The crew members are often talking about these inspections and experience them as to critical.</p><p>The results of our study has shown that the inspections are increasing the safety and awareness of risks that may exist. We will also describe wether there is a possibility to merge the inspections to reduce fatigue among the crew.</p><p>To get an insight in the activities of the organisations we have decided to found our study based on interviews with oil companies, officers onboard and inspectors from Transportstyrelsen.</p><p>During the process to complete the result we transcribed the interview material and divided it into categories, this will make it easier for the reader to follow our study.</p>

Les éléments transposables (ET) sont des portions d’ADN capables de se déplacer et d’augmenter le nombre de leurs copies dans les génomes. Deux grands types de transposition, correspondant à deux grandes classes d’ET, sont retrouvés chez la quasi-totalité des génomes étudiés à ce jour. Les rétrotransposons à LTR (Long Terminal Repeats, LTR-RT), appartenant à la Classe 1, sont les composants majoritaires des génomes des plantes. Leur prolifération peut avoir un impact important sur l’organisation, la variation de taille, l’évolution des génomes et l’activité des gènes.Le café, largement consommé dans le monde et produit uniquement par des pays du Sud, est issu de deux espèces cultivées d’origine africaine : Coffea arabica et C. canephora. Le genre Coffea est constitué de 139 espèces occupant des habitats très variés en Afrique, dans les îles de l’ouest de l’océan Indien, l’Inde, l’Asie tropicale et du sud-est et au nord de l’Australie. Toutes les espèces son diploïdes, à l’exception notable de C. arabica, allotétraploïde, issu d’une hybridation interspécifique récente entre les deux espèces diploïdes : C. canephora et C. eugenioides. Pour autant, la taille des génomes des espèces diploïdes varie du simple au double. Les nombreuses données génomiques aujourd’hui disponibles au sein du genre Coffea permettent d’étudier la dynamique des LTR-RT constituant au minimum 42% du génome de C. canephora, l’espèce séquencée et disponible dans les bases de données publiques.Dans ce travail, deux lignées remarquables de LTR-RT, Bianca et SIRE, ont été étudiées par des approches bio- informatiques. Bianca sensu stricto, présente uniquement chez les monocotylédones, est représentée chez les dicotylédones par la famille Divo, très peu étudiée à ce jour. L’activation récente de Divo sans induire sa propre structuration, est étroitement associée à la différenciation génétique de C. canephora. Par contre, tout en étant présente dans toutes les espèces de caféiers étudiées, l’activation semble sporadique. À l’opposé, les éléments SIRE, la seule lignée de LTR-RT de la superfamille des Copia contenant un domaine enveloppe comme les rétrovirus, montre des variations structurales importantes entre les accessions des espèces diploïdes à l’origine de C arabica et plus globalement, et en parallèle de l’évolution du genre.Nos travaux montrent que la compréhension de la dynamique des LTR-RT dans un genre peut permettre de mieux appréhender son histoire évolutive, chaque famille de LTR-RT pouvant apporter un éclairage différent. Nos résultats indiquent qu’à la fois les clades biogéographiques (phylogénie moléculaire des caféiers) mais aussi certaines accessions d’espèces diploïdes ont des histoires particulières. Celles-ci seraient vraisemblablement liées à la colonisation de nouvelles niches et à la dynamique des LTR-RT composant les génomes des Coffea. / Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA fragments that are able to move and to increase their copy numbers. Two transposition mechanisms corresponding to the two main TE classes are found in almost all organisms. LTR retrotransposons (Long Terminal Repeats, LTR-RTs), belonging to Class 1, are the main components of plant genomes. Genome organisation, size variation, evolution and gene activity can be strongly impacted by their proliferation.Worldwide consumed and produced by South countries, coffee is obtained from two African cultivated species: Coffea arabica and C. canephora. The Coffea genus includes 139 species occurring in diverse habitats in Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, Comoros, India, Southeast and Tropical Asia and North Australia. All the species are diploids, except the noteworthy allotetraploid C. arabica, originated from a recent inter-specific hybridisation between two diploids: C. canephora and C. eugenioides. However, genome size of diploid species can vary for up to two folds. Today, the numerous genomic data available for Coffea allows the study of LTR- RTs, constituting at least 42% of C. canephora genome, the sequenced species available in public databases.In this work, two notable LTR-RT lineages, Bianca and SIRE, have been studied by bioinformatics approaches. Bianca s.s., is present only in Monocots and it is represented in Dicots by the Divo family, poorly studied nowadays. The recent activation of Divo, without leading to its own structuring, is closely associated to the genetic differentiation of C. canephora. However, this activation seems sporadic as being present in all the coffee-trees species studied here. On the opposite, SIRE elements, which are the only Copia LTR-RTs carrying an envelope-like gene as retroviruses, show an important structuring variation between accessions among C. arabica progenitors, and in parallel to the genus evolution.Our work shows that understanding the LTR-RTs dynamics in a genus allows a better perception of its evolutionary history, with the possibility of different evolutionary timing given by different LTR-RTs families. Our results also indicate that both the biogeographic clades (coffee molecular phylogeny) and also some diploid accessions have peculiar histories, probably related to the colonisation of new ecological niches and to the LTR- RTs dynamics.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

A estratégia de criação de grupos genéticos aditivos é uma técnica que permite que animais de paternidade desconhecida tenham seus valores genéticos preditos de forma mais adequada quando incluídos em programas de melhoramento genético. O modo como esses grupos são formados é ainda arbitrário, o que torna importante o estudo de metodologias de formação de grupos genéticos aditivos (GG) visando a uma estrutura apropriada para as avaliações dos rebanhos em programas de melhoramento genético animal. O objetivo do trabalho foi definir a estrutura de grupo genético adequada às avaliações genéticas, comparando-as em relação às mudanças efetivas na eficiência do processo seletivo dos animais com paternidade desconhecida. As características estudadas foram: peso ao desmame, peso ao sobreano, ganho de peso pós-desmama, perímetro escrotal ao sobreano e escore visual de musculosidade ao sobreano. Três cenários foram simulados a partir de um banco de dados composto apenas por animais com pedigree completo (grupo controle). O primeiro teve 30% dos animais com identificação de pai apagada, o segundo 50% e um terceiro com 70%. As estratégias de formação de GG foram: a fazenda de nascimento do animal com paternidade desconhecida; o ano de nascimento (SAFRA) e a concatenação de ano de nascimento e fazenda de nascimento (FAZSAFRA). Os componentes de variância foram calculados para o banco controle pelo software VCE e os valores genéticos foram preditos pelo software PEST, utilizando duas estruturas de modelo animal que se diferenciaram pela inclusão ou não do efeito fixo de GG. A definição da estrutura de grupo genético aditivo adequado à avaliação genética dos animais foi baseada na eficiência de seleção e na comparação entre os valores genéticos preditos quanto aos seus valores absolutos e quanto à classificação dos animais, sendo que animais do grupo controle foram assumidos como tendo o máximo em resposta à seleção genética. Os resultados demonstraram que os grupos genéticos aditivos proporcionam uma melhora na predição genética dos animais com paternidade desconhecida. As estratégias que proporcionaram valores mais próximos aos do grupo controle foram SAFRA e FAZSAFRA e, mesmo com similaridade de valores, a estratégia SAFRA foi superior na seleção dos melhores animais. / The structure of genetic groups is a technique that allows that animals with unknown paternity be included in breeding programs. The ways these groups are formed are still arbitrary, which makes it important to study formation methodologies of genetic groups aiming an appropriate framework for the evaluation of livestock in animal breeding programs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to define the structure of genetic group suited to genetic evaluations, comparing them regarding changes in the effective efficiency of the process of animals with unknown parentage. The characteristics studied were: weaning weight, post-weaning weight, post-weaning weight gain, scrotal circumference at 18 months of age and visual muscularity score at 18 months of age. Three scenarios were simulated from a database consisting only of complete pedigree animals (control group). The first had 30% of animals with identification of father off, the second with 50% and a third with 70%. The training strategies additive genetic groups were: the farm of birth of the animal with unknown parentage; birth year (SAFRA) and the concatenation of year of birth and birth farm (FAZSAFRA). The variance components were calculated for the data bank control program by VCE and breeding values were predicted using PEST software, with two structures of animal models that differ by the inclusion or not of the fixed effect of additive genetic group. The definition of the structure of genetic group suitable for genetic evaluation of animals was based on the efficiency of selection and comparison of estimated breeding values to the \"control\" breeding values and the classification of animals, while control animals were assumed to have the maximum response to selection whereas the choice of any other group of animals results in a reduction thereof. The results demonstrated that the additives genetic groups provide an improvement in the genetic prediction of animals with unknown paternity. Strategies that provided values closer to those of the control group were SAFRA and FAZSAFRA and even with similarity values, strategy SAFRA was superior in selecting the best animals.

Beef carcasses from F2 Nellore × Angus (n = 181) and half-blood Bos indicus × Bos taurus (n = 57) were used to evaluate the responsiveness of sire and family groups nested within sires to post-mortem electrical stimulation (ES). In the F2 population, biological response to ES was identified for myofibrillar fragmentation index, and 6 h post-mortem pH. The genetic contributions of sire and families nested within sires were found for the average Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS), location of shear core extraction, post-mortem carcass temperatures, and carcass pH. ES sides had lower WBS values, higher carcass temperatures, and lower carcass pH. In the half-blood population, biological response to ES was found for WBS core location. Sire and families nested within sires significantly affected WBS core location and carcass temperature. The ES sides had lower WBS values, higher carcass temperatures, and lower carcass pH in the half-blood population. From a carcass temperature and pH standpoint, carcass weight and fat thickness were used as covariates in the analysis of variance. This covariate analysis still showed a genetic component to carcass temperature and pH. There are genetic factors that impact how carcasses respond to electrical stimulation, which is the first work to demonstrate this relationship between genetics and a post-mortem tenderization treatment.