The objective of this thesis is the issue of the Internet of Things and its application as a Smart Home. The work describes the design and implementation of a native mobile application for Android to control the elements of a Smart Home. The application communicates with the Smart Home using the MQTT protocol. The resulting application demonstrates the control of devices in a Smart Home according to the MQTT2GO convention.

IoT platforms face huge challenges in deploying robust authentication mechanisms due to the fact that edge devices and resource-constrained devices may not have enough compute and storage capabilities to deploy and run existing mechanisms, which involve in general complex computations. Moreover, establishing end-to-end device authentication in the Internet of Things (IoT) networks is challenging because of the heterogeneous nature of IoT devices. One of the well-known challenges confronting the IoT infrastructure is related to authentication. Many IoT devices rely on weak authentication schemes, which has led in the last few years to several successful and widely publicized hacking incidents. According to the ISO/IEC 27002 standard, authentication is the process of determining whether something is, in fact, what it is declared to be. Authentication is considered the main gate to protect IoT networks from various security threats; determining who the entity is (authentication) is of high importance to establish a secure session between IoT devices. This dissertation identifies gaps in the literature and presents new authentication schemes and security mechanisms to improve IoT security and privacy against common attacks such as replay and impersonation. This research enhances IoT security and privacy by introducing a new lightweight mutual authentication and key exchange protocol for IoT based on dynamic identity and cumulative chained-hash. Nodes can anonymously and mutually authenticate and establish a session with the controller node using dynamic identities and temporary symmetric keys in an unlinkable and untraceable manner. Moreover, the enforcement of security policies between nodes is guaranteed by setting up virtual domain segregation and restricting node capabilities of sending and receiving data to or from other nodes. The Cumulative chained-hash technique is introduced as a way to ensure the identity of the sender (through challenge-response). Additionally, we introduce a new anonymous device- to-device mutual authentication and key exchange protocol based on the ZigBee technique. The proposed protocol relies on symmetric encryption and counter and enables IoT devices to authenticate in the network and agree on a shared secret session key when communicating with each other via a trusted intermediary (home controller). To achieve forward secrecy, the session keys are changed frequently after every communication session. The proposed scheme achieves secure, anonymous authentication with the unlinkability and untraceability of IoT device transactions. The security of the protocols is evaluated and simulated using three different methods: informal analysis, formal analysis using the Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic (BAN), and model-checking using the automated validation of Internet security protocols and applica- tions (AVISPA) toolkit. The overhead and efficiency of the proposed schemes are analyzed and compared with other related schemes. The results showed that our protocols are in general more efficient. / Graduate

Smart home technology was first conceptualized in 1989 and has extensively been promoted for many years ever since. However, even after 30 years since conceptualization, the technology has seen very low penetration levels and consistently missed all market forecasts. The objective of this thesis is to identify different reasons as to why smart home technology has not been adopted yet using innovation resistance theory. We use the innovation resistance framework by Ram and Sheth (1989) and exploratory research to identify all possible reasons for consumer resistance. We then conduct a quantitative study, by sending out online surveys to consumers, to identify which of these factors cause the highest resistance. Multivariate linear regression and other statistical methods were used to analyze the quantitative data. Physical risk, the real-world risks of adopting this technology (including privacy and cybersecurity risks), was the most important barrier to adoption. This was closely followed by economic risk, the risk associated with buying a device, installing it, and paying a monthly subscription fee for it to work. To increase adoption, smart home manufacturers should try to reduce these risks to kick start mass adoption. Because economic barrier includes multiple latent variables (representing different phases of the product), further research is needed to identify which of these different latent variables lead to higher economic resistance. We hope that this study can be used as a guide to help smart home manufacturing companies identify consumers’ most important pain points.

Autonomous systems have progressed from theory to application especially in the last decade, thanks to the recent technological evolution. The number of autonomous systems in our surroundings is increasing rapidly. Since these systems in most cases handle privacy-sensitive data, the privacy concerns are also increasing at a similar rate. However, privacy research has not been in sync with these developments. Moreover, the systems are heterogeneous in nature and continuously evolving which makes the privacy problem even more challenging. The domain poses some unique privacy challenges which are not always possible to solve using existing solutions from other related fields. In this thesis, we identify open privacy challenges of autonomous systems and later propose solutions to some of the most prominent challenges. We investigate the privacy challenges in the context of smart home-based systems including Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) systems as well as autonomous vehicles. In the case of smart home, we propose a framework to enhance the privacy of owners during ownership change of IoT devices and conduct a systematic literature review to identify the privacy challenges of home-based health monitoring systems. For autonomous vehicles, we quantify, improve, and tune the privacy utility trade-off of the image de-identification process. Our investigation reveals that there is a lack of consideration when it comes to the privacy of autonomous systems and there are several open research questions in the domain regarding, for instance, privacy-preserving data management, quantification of privacy utility trade-off, and compliance with privacy laws. Since the field is evolving, this work can be seen as a step towards privacy preserving autonomous systems. The identified privacy concerns and their corresponding solutions presented in this thesis will help the research community to identify and address existing privacy concerns of autonomous systems. Solving the concerns will encourage the end-users to adopt the systems and enjoy the benefits without bothering about privacy. / <p>QC 20201116</p>

Background. As smart appliances become more attractive, the demand from public consumers grows, and producers are in search of innovative technologies that may aid in the creation of smart homes. Current products may use screens and buttons, voice commands and motion detection to create an interactive experience for consumers. A rather new technology that has gathered attention in recent years is millimetre wave radar sensors (mmWave). This technology uses electromagnetic waves to detect objects in the vicinity of the physical sensor; it may detect both the range, velocity and orientation of an object in relation to itself. The current research has had a main focus in automotive and industrial industries, and the technology has thus far been applied to areas such as vital signs monitoring, people counting, motion control, object detection and collision aversion among others. An attractive feature for use in smart homes that the sensor provides, or rather lacks, is its inability to identify different people. As the information gathered is a point cloud -- in low resolution -- any monitored people retain their privacy under normal circumstances. Objectives. The aim of this thesis is to verify the usability of mmWave sensors in smart homes, as well as reaching an initial understanding of people's opinions regarding the mmWave technology. Method. Experiments are performed to test how well the mmWave sensors can determine if a person is standing, sitting, lying or if they have fallen. The approach for the developed program to make these predictions are done through simple algorithms. Experiments were performed in an environment that was meant to mimic the conditions of a home. Participants were also asked about their opinion of potentially using the technology in their home, both regarding imagined usage and whether the sensor would cause them any discomfort. Results. The results show that while the implemented software in this thesis helps validate the proof of concept for the intended purpose, the technology shows a lot of promise for the future. Further algorithmic efforts will however be required to reach the desired maturity. The opinions of the participant show a generally positive response in using the sensor, however, they also note that if the sensor is to be used in their home, any data gathered should be both available and in control of the consumer to ease suspicions of misuse. Conclusions. The authors conclude that while not yet quite ready, the sensor is indeed a probable candidate to be integrated into smart homes of the future. / Bakgrund. Då smarta apparater blir mer attraktiva växer efterfrågan för dessa produkter. Tillverkare söker därmed efter innovativa teknologier som kan bistå i skapandet av smarta hem. De produkter som finns idag använder sig av skärmar och knappar, röstkommandon och rörelsedetektering för att skapa en interaktiv upplevelse för användarna. En relativt ny tekonologi som har fått uppmärksamhet de senaste åren är radarsensorer med millimetervågor (mmWave). Denna teknologi använder elektromagnetiska vågor för att upptäcka föremål i sin närhet; sensorn kan känna av både avstånd, hastighet och orientering av ett objekt i relation till sig själv. Existerande forskning har framförallt fokuserat på bil- och tillverkningsindustrierna, och teknologin har hittills applicerats på områden som bland annat övervakning av vitala tecken, räkning av människor, rörelsestyrning, detektion av föremål och kollisionsundvikande system. En attraktiv funktionalitet för användande i smarta hem som den här sortens sensor tillhandahåller, eller snarare saknar, är dess oförmåga att identifiera olika människor. Eftersom datan sensorn samlar in består av ett punktmoln -- i låg upplösning -- kommer den under normala förhållanden inte inkräkta på privatliv och integritet hos användarna. Syfte. Målet med detta projekt är att undersöka användbarheten av mmWave-sensorer i smarta hem, samt att komma till en initial insikt om folks åsikter angående mmWave-teknologin. Metod. Experiment har utförts för att verifiera hur väl sensorerna kan avgöra om en person står upp, sitter ner, ligger ner eller har fallit. Mjukvaran som utvecklades för att avgöra vilken handling en person utför tar sig an detta med hjälp av enkla algoritmer. Experimenten utfördes i en miljö som var tänkt att efterlikna förhållandena i ett hem. Deltagarna fick också frågor angående sina åsikter om att potentiellt använda teknologin i sina hem, både vad gäller möjliga användningsområden samt huruvida varandet av sensorn i hemmet skulle orsaka dem något obehag. Resultat. Resultaten visar att även om den skapade mjukvaran är otillförlitlig för det tänkta användandet så visar teknologin lovande tecken för framtiden. Deltagarnas åsikter visar också på ett generellt sett positivt gensvar gentemot användandet av sensorn, men de påpekar också att om sensorn ska användas i deras hem bör all data vara tillgänglig för och kontrollerad av användaren, allt för att lindra möjliga misstankar om missbruk av datan. Slutsatser. Författarna kommer fram till att även om de inte än är riktigt redo, så är mmWave-sensorerna en sannolik kandidat till att användas i framtidens smarta hem.

The purpose of this research is to discover if home builders along the Wasatch Front in Utah are advertising smart home technologies. Research was conducted by a review of the display advertisements placed in the Saturday and Sunday editions of The Deseret Morning News/Salt Lake Tribune from March 4, 2006 through April 1, 2006. An internet search for smart home terminology was performed on the web sites of home builders advertising in The Deseret Morning News/Salt Lake Tribune. A review of the display advertisements for the Deseret Morning News/Salt Lake Tribune revealed that home builders are not using that medium of advertising for smart home technology. A review of the usage of smart home terminology on the home builders' websites showed similar results. Although there was some usage of smart home terminologies on the websites, the vast majority were found on only two of the home builders' websites.

Activities of daily living (ADLs) are everyday routine tasks which provide insight into the physical and cognitive wellbeing of older adults. ADLs are commonly self-reported to clinicians, which can lead to overestimation and underestimation of a patients’ functional abilities. Remote health monitoring is an emerging field aimed at utilizing technology for monitoring ADLs remotely, improving clinical accuracy and enabling older adults to age safely within their homes. In this dissertation, we report a Smart Home platform and two indoor positioning systems (IPSs) – (i) a hybrid Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and radar motion sensor system and (ii) a hybrid radio-frequency identification (RFID) and infrared (IR) range-finding system for tracking occupant mobility, the primary predictor of falls among older adults. For the Smart Home platform, the design methodology and technological features were explained. As for the IPSs’, position accuracy of multiple occupants within multiple rooms of a residential apartment was evaluated. The systems were also evaluated for cost, implementation ease, and scalability, which, upon reviewing literature, were identified as key metrics for developing an IPS for enabling aging in place. Both IPSs enforced a decentralized localization architecture and performed well, achieving high localization accuracy for multiple occupants. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / By 2031, the number of people aged 65 and over is expected to nearly double. This population shift is concerning for healthcare providers as limited resources become increasingly constrained. Resultantly, older adults, the largest consumers of healthcare, face longer wait times and reduced quality of care. Remote health monitoring is an emerging field aimed at utilizing technology for monitoring older adults within their homes. In this thesis, we report a Smart Home platform and two indoor positioning systems (IPSs) for tracking resident mobility, the primary predictor of falls among older adults. For the Smart Home platform, the design methodology and technological features were explained. As for the IPSs’, position accuracy of multiple occupants within multiple rooms of a residential apartment was evaluated. Upon reviewing literature system cost, implementation ease, and scalability, were identified as key metrics for developing an IPS for enabling aging in place. Both IPSs performed well, achieving high localization accuracy for multiple occupants.

Smart homes, equipped with sensing, actuation, communication, and computation capabilities, enable automation and adaptation according to the occupants' needs. These capabilities work together to build holistic spatial and living experiences for the occupants. Smart technologies significantly impact spatial experiences, making smart home design an architectural problem along with a technological problem. Nevertheless, smart home research focuses primarily on standalone technological solutions, where the spatial/architectural aspect is largely absent. We argue that addressing the technological aspects isolated from the spatial context leads to reduced experiences for the users/occupants, as this practice blocks the pathways to develop holistic and innovative smart home solutions. Hence, we focus on bridging the gap between architectural and technological components in smart home research. To this end, we studied the design of smart homes from related disciplines, i.e., architecture, human-computer interaction, human--building interaction, industrial manufacturing, and modular assembly. Our research used the triangulation technique to consult with subject matter experts (researchers, practitioners, and professors of related disciplines) to understand current design processes. We conducted ethnographic studies, focus group studies, and in-depth interviews and identified challenges and best practices for smart home design process. Our investigation recognizes a nascent research problem where the technological and architectural aspects come together in the design thinking of smart home designers. We expanded the scope of design thinking to include three primary elements of smart homes- embedded technology, architectural elements, and occupants' needs. This multidisciplinary and complex process requires a well-defined design framework to methodically address all the issues associated with it. Hence, we developed a user-centered design framework, ArTSE, through an iterative Delphi study to guide the smart home design process. ArTSE stands for "Architecture and Technology in Smart Home DEsign". This framework guides user requirements collection using HCI models, technology decision making, interaction modalities selection, the decision support system for schematic design, technology infrastructure development, and production of the necessary documentation. This framework is an evolution of the normative theory in the architectural design process that caters to the needs of smart home design. For defining implementation strategies, we applied the framework to a case study-- a smart reconfigurable space design project. Overall, we document different aspects of the smart home design process and provide a comprehensive guideline for designers, researchers, and practitioners in this area. / Doctor of Philosophy / Smart homes have automation systems so that occupants can monitor and control lighting, heating, electronic devices, etc. remotely using phones/computers. Smart home devices and components are equipped with sensing, actuation, communication, and computation capabilities, to enable automation and adaptation according to the occupants' needs. These capabilities work together to build holistic spatial and living experiences for the occupants. Smart technologies significantly impact spatial experiences, making smart home design an architectural problem along with a technological problem. Nevertheless, smart home research focuses primarily on standalone technological solutions, where the spatial/architectural aspect is largely absent. We argue that addressing the technological aspects isolated from the spatial context leads to reduced experiences for the occupants, as this practice blocks the pathways to develop innovative smart home solutions. Hence, we focus on bridging the gap between architectural and technological components in smart home research. To this end, we studied the design of smart homes from related disciplines, i.e., architecture, human-computer interaction, human--building interaction, industrial manufacturing, and modular construction. We consulted with subject matter experts (researchers, practitioners, and professors of related disciplines) to understand current design processes. We conducted ethnographic studies, focus group studies, and in-depth interviews and identified challenges and best practices for smart home design process. Our investigation recognizes a nascent research problem where the technological and architectural aspects come together in the design thinking of smart home designers. We expanded the scope of design thinking to include three primary elements of smart homes- embedded technology, architectural elements, and occupants' needs. This multidisciplinary and complex process requires a well-defined design framework to methodically address all the issues associated with it. Hence, we developed a user-centered design framework, ArTSE, through an iterative procedure to guide the smart home design process. ArTSE stands for "Architecture and Technology in Smart Home DEsign". This framework guides user requirements collection using HCI models, technology decision making, interaction modalities selection, the decision support system for schematic design, technology infrastructure development, and production of the necessary documentation. For defining implementation strategies, we applied the framework to a case study-- a smart reconfigurable space design project. Overall, we document different aspects of the smart home design process and provide a comprehensive guideline for designers, researchers, and practitioners in this area.

Smart home appliances have been argued to have a transformative impact on our daily lives in the future. Through the technology Internet of Things, smart home appliances are able to collect data from our surroundings and offer customs services. They have the possibility to automate daily tasks and contribute to energy saving, security, and more. Though smart home appliances can offer several benefits, concerns exist about data collection and research gaps as previous research has mainly been applied from a technical standpoint and less on a societal one. Research on different target groups and contexts is needed as it is important when creating digital services. One of these target groups that needs further research is students and their perspective on smart home appliances. As such, this study has focused on students' expectations of smart home appliances in future student housing, thereby shifting focus from a technical perspective to a societal one by using group- and follow-up interviews. The outcome contributes to an increased understanding of students’ aspects and expectations when creating smart home appliances in student homes. These insights can assist developers, researchers and designers in creating future smart home services, custom for students.

In a world where technological progress is constant, understanding the views and experiences of users is essential. With the use of technology, there are many dangers. Issues with privacy and security are among them. This thesis deals with understanding the perception of privacy and security of smart home IoT devices. The literature review consists of understanding concepts of trust, possible ways of intrusion, and prevention and elaborating more about the Internet of Things technology and smart homes. The review also contains notes on previous findings of the user's perception. The review of the literature also connects possible ways of intrusion with the underlying IoT architecture as well as explains notions of privacy by design, compliance, and GDPR. To understand the phenomenon of privacy and security in the context of a smart home, a simple qualitative study was conducted. Sixteen participants who are part of the general public were interviewed. The collected information was analyzed using a general inductive approach, and answers were grouped into categories as suggested by Thematic Analysis. Interviews were done online and a transcript summary can be found in the last Appendix. The findings from the interviews suggest that privacy and convenience matter most to the users. Participants demonstrated a willingness to purchase if they perceived a device as something that will increase their quality of life and were willing to share data such as location but they were not willing to lose anonymity. What type of data and for what purpose was mentioned as most important. When it comes to security attacks, participants were less worried about how it might happen and more worried about what might happen to them and what are the consequences for them. In the conclusion of the study, I present advice for students and academia, device manufacturers, and service providers as well as the general public as the last main stakeholder. Since technology is not static, it would be of importance to revisit topics of privacy and security of IoT.