京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22252号 / 理博第4566号 / 新制||理||1656(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 上田 佳宏, 准教授 岩室 史英, 教授 長田 哲也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

La BLR (broad line region) d’un noyau galactique actif (AGN) transporte la matière du tore de poussière vers le disqued’accrétion autour d’un trou noir super massif. Il faut connaître sa géométrie pour comprendre la formation et la croissancedu trou noir, comme ses relations avec la luminosité du noyau. L’échographie lumineuse ou « reverberation mapping » permetd’estimer le rayon équivalent de la BLR ainsi que la masse du trou noir et donne des lois masse-luminosité et rayon-luminositédont la précision, limitée par les inconnues géométriques, reste insuffisante pour des applications cosmologiques.L’interférométrie optique avec le VLTI donne des mesures indépendantes de cette masse et de ces paramètres géométriqueset mesure un rayon angulaire équivalent, ce qui donne une mesure directe de distance. Nous avons développé un modèle 3Dde BLR et une méthode Bayésienne d’ajustement des paramètres qui nous ont permis de montrer que la combinaison del’échographie et de l’interférométrie donnera des mesures de masse et de distance à mieux que 15% près à un milliard deparsec. Nous appliquons ces outils aux toutes premières observations avec l’instrument AMBER de la BLR du quasar 3C273et nous montrons et expliquons qu’elle est bien plus grande que prédit par échographie et s’étend au delà du bord interne dutore de poussière, avec une géométrie quasi sphérique. Ces résultats sont extrapolés à la nouvelle génération d’instrument duVLTI pour montrer que cet interféromètre permettra de calibrer les méthodes échographiques pour transformer les quasarsen sondes cosmologiques majeures. / The broad line region (BLR) of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) contains the high velocity gas clouds transporting materialfrom the dust torus to the accretion disk around the central super massive black hole (SMBH). Unveiling BLR structure iscritical to understand the accretion mechanism driving the SMBH evolution and shaping the AGN inflows, outflows and jets.Reverberation Mapping (RM) constrains the BLR geometry, kinematic, mass and equivalent linear size with parameterdegeneracies and fudge factors depending from the source geometry. Optical Interferometry (OI) yields independentconstrains on BLR structure, mass and equivalent angular size. We developed a 3D geometrical model of BLRs to estimateboth RM and OI measures and to show that the combination of these two techniques will very substantially reduce theuncertainty of mass estimates and yield direct distance measurement from “quasar parallax”. We used this model and a MonteCarlo Markov Chain Bayesian parameter fit of simulated data to show that quasar parallax can measure distances withaccuracy better than 15%. We used it on actual data to interpret and explain our first OI observations of the BLR of thebright quasar 3C273 found to have a BLR of about 1750±35 light days (ld) much larger than predicted by RM (450±120 ld)and larger than the inner rim of the dust torus of about 800±270 ld, yielding a SMBH mass of 5±1 108 solar masses. Ourmodel and SNR computations show that the VLTI incoming instruments can observe about 60 BLRs covering more than 4decades of luminosity, enough to try a grand unification of BLRs models and a calibration of RM making QSOs majorcosmological probes.

It is now believed that most, if not all, galaxies contain a supermassive black hole (SMBH) and that these play a crucial role in their host galaxies' evolution. Whilst accreting material, a SMBH (known as an active galactic nucleus, AGN, during this growth phase) releases energy which may have the effect of quenching star formation and constraining the growth of the galaxy. It is believed that AGNs can be divided into two broad fundamental categories, each with its own feedback mechanism. The radiative-mode of feedback occurs in gas-rich galaxies when substantial star formation is occurring and their young AGNs are growing rapidly through efficient accretion of cold gas. A fraction of the energy released by an AGN is transferred into the surrounding gas, creating a thermal "energy-driven" wind or pressure "momentum-driven" wind. Gas and dust may be expelled from the galaxy, so halting star formation but also cutting off the fuel supply to the AGN itself. The jet-mode occurs thereafter. The SMBH has now attained a large mass, but is accreting at a comparatively low level as gas slowly cools and falls back into the galaxy. The accretion process generates two-sided jets that generate shock fronts, so heating the gas surrounding the galaxy and partially offsetting the radiative cooling. This restricts the inflow of gas into the galaxy, so slowing the growth of the galaxy and SMBH. There are several convincing theoretical arguments to support the existence of these feedback mechanisms, although observational evidence has been hard to obtain. A new radio telescope - the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) - recently started operations. LOFAR is especially suitable for investigating AGN feedback. It has been designed to allow exploration of low radio frequencies, between 10 and 240 MHz, which are particularly relevant for research into AGN activity. Also, with its large field-of-view and multi-beam capability, LOFAR is ideal for conducting extensive radio surveys. A project to image deeply the ELAIS-N1 field was started in May 2013. This thesis uses a number of surveys at different wavelengths, but particularly the low-frequency radio observations of the ELAIS-N1 field, to improve our knowledge of jet-mode AGN feedback and hence of the interplay between the complicated processes involved in galaxy formation and evolution. The more important pieces of research within the thesis are as follows: - A sample of 576 AGNs in the nearby universe was assembled and used to find a relationship between radio luminosity, X-ray luminosity and black hole mass. Moreover, the relationship is valid over at least 15 orders of magnitude in X-ray luminosity, strongly suggesting that the process responsible for the launching of radio jets is scale-invariant. - The established "Likelihood Ratio" technique was refined to incorporate colour information in order to optimally match the radio sources in the ELAIS-N1 field with their host galaxies. - The resulting catalogue was used to investigate ways in which radio sources can be matched automatically with their host galaxies (and so avoiding laborious visual examination of each source). The conclusions have helped the design of a pipeline for an extensive wide-area survey currently being conducted by the LOFAR telescope. - The catalogue was also used to investigate the evolution of jet-mode AGNs. This involved: deriving source counts; obtaining redshifts for each object; classifying the radio sources into the different populations of radiative-mode AGNs, jet-mode AGNs and star-forming galaxies; and using the above preparatory work in order to derive a luminosity function for jet-mode AGNs. - Key conclusions are that (1) feedback from jet-mode AGNs peaks at around a redshift of 0.75, (2) the space density of jet-mode AGNs declines steadily with redshift and (3) the typical luminosity of a jet-mode AGN increases steadily with redshift.

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The mildly active nuclear region in the galaxy M81 (henceforth, M81‹) is one of the nearest low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGN) whose structure is marginally resolved when probed with Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). Motivated by the way resolved radio sources usually appear on the smallest scales, i.e., a core with a one- sided jet structure, we developed a strictly one-sided, asymmetric triangular model, which we call ASYM, with brightness distribution along a line segment on the sky, with maximum brightness at one end of the segment fading linearly to zero at the other end. The ASYM model is compared and contrasted with an elliptical Gaussian model (hereafter, GAUS), by fitting existing VLBI data of M81‹ at 39 epochs between 1993 and 2003 at 8.4 and 5.0 GHz with the two models. Contrary to what we envisioned, we find that for 77% of our epochs, a simple GAUS model fits the visibility data of M81‹ at 8.4 GHz better (i.e., has a lower reduced 2) than the ASYM model. We conclude that M81‹ is not strictly a one-sided, asymmetric jetted source; as is thought to be the case for the majority of AGN observed at VLBI scales. Our results imply that M81‹ is mostly symmetrical with a significant jet counterpart which cannot be overlooked. / School of Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Studies (SIRGS) / M. Sc. (Astronomy)