This thesis is concerned with the character of popular recreations in late pre-industrial England, their place in society, and the changes they experienced during the period 1700-1850. The first chapter presents a descriptive survey of popular recreations in the eighteenth century. It focuses on two main themes: first, the principal events of the holiday calendar - parish feasts, pleasure fairs, hiring fairs, November the 5th, Christmas, Plough Monday, Shrove Tuesday, Easter, May Day, and Whitsuntide;and second, the most significant sports and pastimes of the common people - bull-baiting, cock-fighting, throwing at cocks, football, cricket, boxing, wrestling, cudgelling, and several other diversions. The second chapter examines the relationship between popular recreation and the larger society. It looks first at the social contexts of recreation and, in particular, draws attention to (a) the independent plebeian basis of some festivities, (b) the support which was often provided by genteel patronage and assistance, and (c) the recreational role of the public house. The second section of this chapter discusses some of the functional attributes of sports and festive occasions for the common people: the emphasis here is on recreations as outlets for tensions and hostile sentiments. The last two chapters are concerned with problems of change. Chapter III discusses the various attempts to suppress traditional recreations during the century before 1850. Special attention is paid to the attacks on animal sports, feasts, fairs, and football, and consideration is given to the motives and class biases underlying these attacks. Chapter IV is concerned more generally with the decline of popular recreations between the mid seventeenth and the mid nineteenth centuries. It concentrates in particular on some of the major trends which militated against the traditional practices: Evangelicalism, the increasingly rigorous attitudes concerning labour discipline, the enclosure movement, the decline of customary rights, and the breakdown of paternalistic habits. An effort is made here to relate the decline of recreations to some of the larger processes of social Change. Throughout the thesis, and especially in chapters II to IV, persistent emphasis is placed on the social relations which entered into, and gave shape to, the conduct of recreational affairs, most notably the relations between gentlemen and the common people. Recreations are seen, not in isolation, but in the context of the culture as a whole.

A clash of generations occurred in the 1960s Probation Service when increasing numbers of university graduates entered the profession. They have been described as permissive by historians because they prioritised the welfare of the offender. This was in contrast to their older, and relatively untrained, colleagues for whom a reform project was premised on the disciplining of character. Due to a lack of sources, however, it remains unclear how these two generations differed in their attempts to persuade magistrates over sentencing outcomes. Fortuitously, a rare cache of over 2,000 Social Enquiry Reports (SERs) survives in the records of the City’s Justice Rooms. Written by probation officers from across the Metropolitan London area, the reports represent a cross section of the capital’s diverse population. Using a number of techniques including oral and secondary sources, this thesis identifies members of both generations and examines the way that they persuaded magistrates. Sorting the SERs into types of offender, the thesis shows that both generations ultimately persuaded magistrates by subtly indicating in reports whether or not the offender and their families conformed to conventional gender norms. The main reason why SERs by the permissive university graduates closely resembled those written by their older colleagues was due to their common perception of magistrates as being socially conservative. Regardless of how liberal or not Britain became in the sixties, the courtroom was not considered to be a place where a rethink of morality had occurred. The university graduates therefore invoked normative character ideals in SERs because they believed it was likely to be the best way to achieve the desired outcome in court. Finally, as responses to offending were shaped by gender ideologies rather than the nature of the offence or previous convictions, the concept of the probation officer as ‘the burglar’s mate’ is rendered problematic.

This thesis deals with the transformation of social and political behavior of Prague students in the 1930's. The work follows the requirements and expectations of students. Their unfulfilled view reveals the dissatisfaction of students, which led to the escalation of student clear-cut political and social views. The thirties brought in a student movement onset of extreme nationalist, but also left-wing tendencies of both the Czech and the German side. The work is based on the documents of student faculty associations, the student journals and memoir texts. The aim is to analyze, against whom was directed the dissatisfaction of students, which ideas had students about the proper organization of the state and society, what were the differences in political and social thought between the faculties and student groups and how were students percieved by society. Work is also interested in what influence on stduents movement had the clash Czech, German and Jewish students in Prague. How was influenced the students thinking of their social status and how identified the individual student associations. The work aims to contribute to the completion of the image of interwar czechoslovak society.

Jiří Pilip Prague 9, District committee, Czechoslovak communist party, Trade union, Social structure English abstrakt The diploma thesis deals with structure of communist party and trade union in district of Prague 9, District committe of Communist party itself, Application of communist party mechanism on trade unions and other parts of mass social organisation on Prague 9 as Czechoslovak youth union, Czechoslovak- soviet friendship union , Local action committee of national union.

Diploma thesis focus on depicting functions of Local comitee oc Comunistic party of Czechoslovakia in district of Prague 9 on local level. It describe processes which had preceded its own decision on particular events as seizure of power by Czechoslovak Communist Party in February 1948. It centres on the issues solved by CCP as party education process or different variety of work initiatives as well as relationshisp between CCP Prague 9 and other organization anticipated on the process. Key words Communist party of Czechoslovakia, Prague 9 district, Work initiatives, , party education, social organisation,

My Diploma aims to show how political decisions in international context affected sport in Czechoslovakia. By putting events in context it is essential to illustrate the popularity of ice hockey in Bohemia and Czechoslovakia. The purpose of the thesis is to truthfully describe the important milestones of the Czechoslovak ice hockey based on the oral history, archival sources and periodicals. As sport can be perceived as a mirror of the society, it is possible to show how the Czechoslovak society changed from 1945 up to 1969. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Les réfugiés communistes espagnols accueillis en RDA sont au centre de ce travail de recherche. Cependant, l'exil politique des Espagnols en Allemagne de l’Est n'est pas ici traité comme un objet, mais comme un terrain qui nous permet d'appréhender différentes thématiques : la politique française à l'égard des communistes étrangers réfugiés sur son territoire à l'aune de la guerre froide, la politique d'intégration est-allemande, les relations entretenues entre la SED et le PCE (Partido Comunista de España, Parti communiste d'Espagne) ainsi que l'impact de l'exil sur la construction identitaire. Cette étude poursuit par ailleurs multiple objectifs : ce travail souhaite non seulement enrichir l'histoire de l'exil espagnol en particulier et les études migratoires en général, mais également contribuer au renouvellement de la recherche sur le communisme, et plus précisément, sur l'État est-allemand. Pour ce faire, nous avons travaillé à partir des archives de multiples pays, aussi bien en France, en Allemagne, qu'en Espagne. Nous avons également conduits quelques entretiens à Berlin, Paris et Barcelone auprès des enfants de la première vague de réfugiés politiques espagnols accueillis en RDA. Suite à cela, nous avons procédé à la reconstruction des trajectoires biographiques de ces individus en nous efforçant de ne pas perdre de vue la diversité des trajectoires individuelles et des situations collectives. / The Spanish communist refugees welcomed to GDR are in the center of this study. However, the Spanish political exile in East Germany is not being treated as an object but as a field that allows to capture various themes : the French policy towards foreign Communist refugees on its territory during the Cold War, the integration policy in East Germany, the relationships between the SED and the PCE (Partido Comunista de España, the Spanish Communist Party) and the impact of exile on identity construction. The purpose of this study is diverse : this work not only wants to enrich the history of the Spanish exile as a special topic but also examines migration studies as a whole. It aims to contribute to the renewal of research on communism in general and the studies of the East German state in particular. In order to do this, we worked from the archives of many countries, in France, Germany, and Spain. We also conducted some interviews in Berlin, Paris and Barcelona with children of the first wave of Spanish political refugees hosted in the GDR. Following the work on archives and interviews, we tried to reconstruct the biographical trajectories of individuals pursuing the following objective: do not lose sight of the diversity of individual trajectories and collective situations / Die spanischen kommunistischen Flüchtlinge in der DDR stehen im Zentrum dieser Forschungsarbeit. Dennoch wird das politische Exil der Spanier in Ostdeutschland nicht als Objekt betrachtet, sondern als Feld, welches Zugang zu zahlreichen Thematiken bietet : der französischen Politik gegenüber den ausländischen Kommunisten zur Zeit des Kalten Krieges, der Integrationspolitik der DDR, den Beziehungen zwischen der SED und der PCE (Partido Comunista de España, Kommunistische Partei Spaniens), so wie der Wirkung des Exils auf die Identitätskonstruktion. Die Ziele dieser Studie sind vielfältig : auf der einen Seite soll diese Arbeit die Geschichte des spanischen Exils im besonderen und der Migrationsforschung im allgemeinen bereichern, auf der anderen Seite soll zur Erneuerung der Kommunismusforschung und insbesondere der DDR-Forschung beigetragen werden. Um dies zu tun, wurde in Archiven in Frankreich, Deutschland sowie Spanien gearbeitet. Weiterhin wurden in Berlin, Paris und Barcelona Gespräche geführt, mit den Kindern der ersten Welle politischer Flüchtlinge aus Spanien, die in der DDR aufgenommen wurden. Im Anschluss an die Recherchen in Archiven und den geführten Gesprächen, wurden, soweit dies möglich war, die individuellen Lebensläufe jedes Einzelnen rekonstruiert. Dabei blieb folgendes Ziel ständig vor Augen: nicht die Vielfältigkeit individueller Lebensläufe und die allgemeine Situation der Gruppe aus dem Sichtfeld zu verlieren / El foco de esta investigación son los refugiados comunistas españoles en la RDA. Sin embargo, el exilio político español en Alemania del Este no es tratado aquí como objetivo sino como un campo que nos permite capturar varios temas: la política francesa contra los extranjeros comunistas refugiados en su territorio durante la Guerra Fría, la política de integración de Alemania del Este, las relaciones entre la SED y el PCE (Partido Comunista de España) y el impacto del exilio sobre la construcción de la identidad. El propósito de este estudio es múltiple: este trabajo no sólo quiere enriquecer la historia del exilio español y los estudios sobre la migración en general, sino también contribuir a la renovación de la investigación sobre el comunismo y en concreto, sobre el Estado de Alemania Oriental. Para lograr esto, se trabajó en los archivos de muchos países como Francia, Alemania y España. También se hicieron algunas entrevistas en Berlín, París y Barcelona a los individuos de la segunda generación de refugiados políticos españoles alojados en la RDA. Siguiendo el trabajo en archivos y entrevistas, tratamos de reconstruir las trayectorias biográficas de estas personas; con el objetivo de no perder de vista la diversidad de las trayectorias individuales y situaciones colectivas

The cultural crossings between music, new digital media,prison and postcolonial Philippine culture form the basis of Dangerous Mediations, which provides a close, intertextual reading of a contemporary prison performance to question the assumptions behind seemingly familiar, entertaining audiovisual media content. Through the lens of critical cultural studies, and ethno/musicology, I examine the interplay between Michael Jackson’s renowned hit Thriller (1983) and a specific interpretation of this work by a group of 1500 Filipino inmates at the Cebu Provincial Rehabilitation and Detention Centre (2007). Rereading Jackson’s impact on popular music and culture in light of postcolonialism, penology, popular music studies,YouTube theory, and in relation to Philippine culture, I trace the evolution of this contemporary music and dance practice within Cebuano culture, as it is transformed and mediated online. I address the prevalent idea of music as an innately positive power, and through a close reading of this irresistible performance, I deconstruct prevailing (dangerous) stereotypes regarding the ‘inherently musical Filipino.’ Reflecting on how, why, and to what effect popular performance can pollinate across cultures and nations, I demonstrate how audiovisual digital platforms such as YouTube can play an important role in shaping our understanding and experiences of the world we live in. Focusing on the performances made by inmates, by Filipinos, by amateurs, I show that we are able not only to historicise the effects of the disenfranchised, but through a close reading of the intertextual, hybridised mediated performance, we may also gain access to and gradually understand that which might otherwise have remained invisible.

Dans la société d’Ancien Régime, les maréchaux de France avaient pour fonction la conduite des armées du roi. Au XVIIIe siècle, la plupart des quatre-vingts officiers généraux distingués par le maréchalat le furent à un âge avancé. Cette thèse montre dans une première partie l’évolution d’une dignité accordée à l’origine pour commander à la guerre vers une faveur décernée en période de paix. Les parties suivantes sont consacrées à la place de cette élite dans la société. Par l’étude des alliances matrimoniales, il s’agit de comprendre dans quelle mesure l’endogamie ou l’exogamie nobiliaires s’inscrivirent dans une stratégie de préservation patrimoniale et d’enrichissement.Les actes notariés contribuent à étudier l’assise de leur fortune. Le patrimoine, les dettes ainsi que les revenus informent sur les mouvements de cette fortune, indiquant qu’il s’agissait d’un groupe économiquement dynamique et cantonné aux formes traditionnelles de placements. On peut ainsi déterminer la place des maréchaux dans la ville au travers de leur quotidien, dans leurs demeures et par la gestion de leur fortune. La dernière partie s’interroge sur la culture de cette élite militaire. Une analyse systématique des testaments informe sur leurs attitudes devant la mort. Les curiosités intérieures de cette élite militaire renseignent sur les comportements de collectionneurs de certains maréchaux. La place des maréchaux dans la vie sociale du temps, dans les académies parisiennes ou provinciales, dans les loges maçonniques et certains salons, achève cette réflexion. / In the society of the Ancient Regime, the marshals of France were in charge of the king’s military. In the 18th century, most of the eighty general officers were quite elderly when granted marshalcy. In a first part, this PhD highlights the shift from a title initially acquired to command during wartime to a favour granted during peacetime. The following parts explore the place of this elite within society. Through the study of matrimonial alliances, it is to be understood to what extent nobiliary endogamy or exogamy were part of a strategy of heritage maintenance and enrichment. The notarial deeds contribute to study the base of their wealth. The analysis of their heritage, debts and incomes permits to identify the fluctuations of their wealth, which shows that the marshals were an economically dynamic group and depending solely on traditional forms of investment. One can thus rebuild the marshals’ place in the city through their daily lives and their heritage’s management. The last part focuses on the culture of this military elite. The systematic analysis of wills testifies to their attitudes towards death. The internal curiosities of these noble men of war informs us about their behaviours as collectors. The marshals’ place in the social life of the time, in the Parisian or provincial academies, in the Masonic lodges, and certain salons, ends up this social, political as well as cultural history of a military elite that had been forgotten so far.

Focussing on Scotland, this thesis adds a new perspective to the existing discussion surrounding marriage and marriage breakdown in the late twentieth century. It is the lived reality of marriage and marriage breakdown which is a key focus, using oral history and a range of contemporary and archival source materials. Whilst a renewed discursive emphasis on the 'companionate marriage' in the immediate post-war period is evident, in line with the social reconstruction ethos of the period, there existed alongside such enthusiasm a number of alternative, and often conflicting, contemporary discourses. With significant implications for marriage and family relations, sociologists and historians identify a further profound discursive shift as occurring during the 1970s, emphasising the increased availability of contraception, the emergence of second-wave feminism in Britain and landmark equality legislation as crucial factors intertwined with this. Perceived advances in terms of both mainstream ideology and legislation, including, for example, a revived feminist consciousness and the 1976 Divorce (Scotland) Act, did not influence marriage in a discursive vacuum but instead are likely to have integrated and competed not only with generic ideals regarding appropriate gender roles but also embedded local patterns of gender relations. Oral history is a particularly appropriate methodology with which to address this topic as it permits an otherwise unattainable insight into the experience of day-to-day life. Additional source materials drawn on include parliamentary, ecclesiastical and sociological commentary.