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Individuals of multiracial descent are often categorized and perceived as belonging to the socially subordinate (i.e. non-White) racial group, according to the rule of hypodescent, a product of the history of racial discrimination and segregation in the United States. This paper describes two studies of racial categorization which illustrate the importance of hypodescent in the social categorization of ambiguous multiracial targets. Hypodescent was observed among both Black and White observers (Studies 1 and 2), suggesting that societally enforced rules about racial categories affect individuals' decisions about the category membership of others. in Study 2, hypodescent was measured using a self-report questionnaire as well as a behavioral dual categorization procedure, but these measures were not found to correlate. Study 2 also illustrated that hypodescent may be stronger for Black-White multiracials than for Asian-White multiracials in behavioral, but not self-report, measures. Both studies provide mixed evidence regarding the influence of several previously-described personality variables and their relationship to the use of hypodescent. These findings are discussed in the context of broader social cognitive processes and the downstream application of stereotypes associated with marginalized racial categories.

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Students from underrepresented racial groups experience higher rates of both explicit and subtler forms of racial prejudice and discrimination (Ellis, Powell, Demetriou, Huerta-Bapat, Carmen & Panter, 2019; Harwood et al., 2012; Ray, 2013; Stevens, Liu, & Chen, 2018; Vaccaro, 2010). Cultural competence training may benefit individuals in celebrating culturally-based differences as strengths, cognitively understanding their experience and cognitively empathizing with the experience of others, as well as building skills to better cross-cultural interactions (Glockshuber, 2005; Minami, 2008; Sue et al., 1982; Sue, 2001 Sue & Sue, 2013). This process can be beneficial particularly for White students (Chao, Wei, Good & Flores, 2011), who are prone to higher levels of color-blindness (Fu, 2015; Ryan, Hunt, Weible, Peterson, & Casas, 2007), misinformation around race (Saddlemire, 1996), and a lack of awareness surrounding White privilege (Ray 2013; Schoefplin, 2009). This study adapts a pre-existing one-day allyship training (Ong, Papa, Reveles, Smith, & Domenech Rodríguez, 2018) into a four-week training that walks participants through one-hour per week sessions in which they work towards developing cultural competence focused on race through an online Google forms platform. It utilizes student-acted role plays, reflection questions, and articles and videos to create an interactive experience for students. 49 White students complete the study, and were tested on measures before and after the training. Pre and post-test differences demonstrated significant increases in cultural competence and decreases in color-blindness. Relationships between color-blindness, White privilege, cultural competence, skill employment, training interest and implicit bias are discussed, along with implications and future directions.

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Researchers have recently suggested that humans possess dedicated cognitive systems for forgiveness, which evolved to repair valuable cooperative relationships with transgressors and stave off harmful revenge behaviors. These putative systems are computational in nature, utilizing information pertaining to the relationship value, exploitation risk, and genetic relatedness of a transgressor in determining whether or not to employ forgiveness. While a few studies have provided empirical support for this conjecture, surprisingly little empirical research has been conducted to determine if forgiveness systems actually have such a computational structure. The aim of this thesis was to fill this gap in the literature by testing hypotheses related to evolved systems for forgiveness. Using a sample of undergraduate participants, we tested hypotheses related to the computational structure of forgiveness, focusing on the role of internal regulatory variables (IRVs) including relationship value, exploitation risk, and genetic relatedness. Seven separate predictions were all empirically supported, providing verisimilitude to evolved accounts of forgiveness, and offering new insights into the form and function of forgiveness systems.

Cooperative heuristics have traditionally been researched through the lens of standard dual-process models of cognition and from the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Despite the popularity of these approaches, research on intuitive versus extensional processing falls short in its endeavor to methodologically quantify heuristic processing and to empirically validate existing theories of social evaluation. Furthermore, several conceptualizations of the term heuristic have been proposed in the social psychology literature, leading to a lack of consensus on how cooperative heuristics function. to address these issues, the current study proposes a novel method for quantifying heuristic cognition. We propose a Bayesian cognition model of heuristics based on the free energy principle and present a framework for defining heuristics as Bayesian priors. to test our model, we ran an experiment on Amazon Mechanical Turk and used a modified version of the Prisoner’s Dilemma game. Overall, the results of experiment supported our theoretical predictions and our quantitative model of cooperative heuristics. Additionally, we found evidence to suggest that men and women respond differently to social uncertainty in cooperative exchanges.

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