Evapotranspiration is a nexus for planetary energy and carbon cycles, as yet poorly constrained. Here I use stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen to partition flux of water due to plant transpiration from the direct evaporative flux from soils, water bodies and plant. The study areas, Langat and Kelantan watersheds represent examples of domains dominated by the respective Southwest and Northeast monsoons on the two sides of the main orographic barrier (Titiwangsa mountain range). Mean annual rainfall for the Langat watershed, obtained from 30 years of hydrological data, is 2145 ± 237 mm. Tentatively, 48% of this precipitation returns to the atmosphere via transpiration (T), with 33% partitioned into discharge (Q), 8% into interception (In), and 11% into evaporation (Ed). In the Kelantan watershed, the mean annual rainfall, also based on the 30 year hydrological data, is 2383 ± 120 mm. Similar to Langat, the T accounts for 43% of precipitation (P), 45% is discharged into South China Sea (Q), 12% partitioned into interception (In) and tentatively 0% for evaporation (Ed). Ed for the Langat watershed represents only a small proportion in terms of volumetric significance, up to almost ~11% with strong effect on the isotopic fingerprints of waters associated with the summer Southwest Monsoon (SWM). Note, however, that insignificant Ed for the Kelantan watershed may be an artefact of rain and river water sampling at only coastal downstream portion of the watershed. High humidity (80%) also was recorded for the Malaysian Peninsula watershed. T appropriates about half of all solar energy absorbed by the continents, here ~1000*103 g H2O m-2 yr-1 similar to other tropical regions at 900-1200*103 g H2O m-2 yr-1. The associated carbon fluxes are ~ 1300 g C m-2yr-1, independent of P. Vegetation responses to solar irradiance, via T and photosynthesis reflects the importance of stomatal regulation of the water and carbon fluxes. In order to maintain high transpiration in the tropical region, “constant” water supply is required for continuous pumping of water that delivers nutrients to the plant, suggesting that water and carbon cycle are co-driven by the energy of the sun. The existence of the water conveyor belt may be precondition for nutrient delivery, hence operation of the carbon cycle. Potentially, this may change our perspective on the role that biology plays in the water cycle. In such perspective, the global water cycle is the medium that redistributes the incoming solar energy across the planet, and the anatomical structures of plants then help to optimize the loop of energy transfer via evaporation and precipitation in the hydrologic cycle. The main features of aquatic geochemistry of the Langat and Kelantan rivers inferred from the Principal Component Analysis are controlled by three components that explain 80% and 82% of total variances. These components are reflecting of the geogenic factor with superimposed pollution, the latter particularly pronounced in urbanized sections of the Langat river and dominant in downstream of the Kelantan river. There is no correlation between seasonal variations in major ion chemistry and environmental variables such as precipitation, discharge, temperature or solar activity.

*‘Pasja’ (Brassica campestris x napus) and kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.) were grown at Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand in 2008 with different levels of phosphorus (P) fertiliser. Banded or broadcast P fertiliser was applied at 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P/ha at establishment. Total dry matter (DM) production, the proportion of the leaf and stem and leaf area development were measured over time and related to the biophysical environment. For ‘Pasja’, final DM increased with P rate from 3730 kg DM/ha to ~4900 kg DM/ha at 60 kg P/ha. For kale the increase was from 8710 kg DM/ha for the control to ~11000 kg DM/ha for all P treatments. The leaf to stem ratio declined from 22-31 at 17 days after emergence to 10.4 at the final harvest for ‘Pasja’, which meant the crop was effectively made up mainly of leaf (~90%). The ratio for kale declined from 2.7 at 24 days after emergence to 0.64 at the final harvest. The leaf to stem ratio for both species did not respond to either the method of application or rate of P. Seedling DM accumulation increased with applied P over the first 10 to 17 DAE for ‘Pasja’ and kale respectively. The crops went from shoot growth priority to root growth. The phyllochron of both species was unaffected by P application but responded linearly to the temperature above 0°C. For ‘Pasja’ the phyllochron was 60°Cd compared with 109°Cd for kale. As a consequence ‘Pasja’ developed its canopy and reached critical leaf area index (LAIcrit) earlier than kale. Leaf area index (LAI) for the control crops of both species was lower than for P fertiliser treatments with a maximum of 3.6 for ‘Pasja’ and 3.8 for kale. There was no difference in leaf area indices among the P fertiliser treatments for ‘Pasja’, while kale LAI differed with the rate of P application up to 40 kg P/ha. Total accumulated intercepted solar radiation (RIcum) was 8 and 11% greater for ‘Pasja’ and kale crops respectively when P was applied compared with the control. Thus, the difference in total dry matter yield due to P application was attributed to the difference in RIcum. Neither the method of application or rate of P applied affected the radiation use efficiency (RUE) of either crop. For ‘Pasja’ the RUE was 1.1 g DM/MJ PAR and for kale 1.33 g DM/MJ PAR. Based on this research, it was concluded that P application increased RIcum as a result of increased LAI. The difference in total DM yield was attributed to differences in RIcum. It is recommended that farmers growing ‘Pasja’ and kale under similar conditions to this experiment should apply 40 kg P/ha for ‘Pasja’ and band 20 kg P/ha for kale. *‘Pasja’ is considered both as a species and cultivar in this document as it marketed as such in New Zealand. Technically ‘Pasja’ is a leaf turnip.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diego Ricieri Manenti.pdf: 2926963 bytes, checksum: 74aa89bdde44c5ef6942846129864678 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this work was to study the performance of the photo-Fenton process using both the artificial UV and solar sources on the textile effluent treatments. Preliminary photo-Fenton experiments for mineralization and degradation of organic and inorganic pollutants as well as of synthetic dyes were carried out in order to assess the best experimental conditions by photo-Fenton process. As synthetic textile effluent a mixture of six dyes: Solophenyl orange TGL (C25H33ClN6O6S2), Solophenyl blue 71 (C40H23N7Na4O13S4), Solophenyl scarlet BNLE (C44H32N10Na4O16S4), Solophenyl yellow ARL (C48H26N8Na6O18S6), Solophenyl black FR (C44H32N13Na3O11S3) e Navy Blue 98 (C38H24N5Na3O13S3) that contained 50 mg L-1 concentration was prepared and diluted in distillated water. The photo-Fenton experiments by using a set of high-pressure mercury lamps and solar light as artificial and natural UV irradiation sources were performed in laboratory scale. As reactor operational parameters to be optimized by a 33 full factorial experimental design: hydrogen peroxide and divalent iron ion as well as the initial solution pH were chosen as variables, keeping constant a reaction time of 120 min that was enough to warrant the maximum (chemical oxygen demand) COD and color removal. The efficiency of photo-Fenton process applied in the treatment of synthetic and real effluents, was evaluated based on the parameters: values of COD, color, turbidity, total organic carbon (TOC), absorbance at a wavelength of maximum absorption for the dyes and simple aromatic compounds and conjugated reductions, as well as behavior analysis of the evolution the sulfate, nitrate inorganic, organic nitrogen and ammonia concentrations. Second-degree models for the COD and color removal percents were proposed to model the photo-Fenton experiments data in order to reduce the cost of running such a photo-Fenton experiment as well as to obtain optimum values of the reactor operating parameters. Second-degree models were also validated by ANOVA. Predicted yields showed good validation with experimental yields. The values of the optimized reactor operational parameters were 3.0, 6.0 g L-1, and 0.05 g L-1 for initial pH, hydrogen peroxide and divalent iron concentrations, respectively, for both photo-Fenton processes. Based on this optimized experimental conditions, almost 100% removals of physico-chemical parameter such as COD, color, turbidity and COT for real textile effluents. The aromatics compounds were showed more resistant to reaction, persisting for longer. It can be noticed that the degradtion of the organic and inorganic matters were verified by the nitrification process and, the sulfates formation and reduction. The process presented similar efficiencies with both solar and artificial irradiation, thus suggesting the use of solar photo-Fenton, as it proved to be an efficient alternative besides using a source of clean and renewable energy. / O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o desempenho do processo foto-Fenton, utilizando energia solar e artificial como fontes de irradiação UV, no tratamento de efluentes têxteis. Foram realizados experimentos preliminares para avaliar a eficiência do processo foto-Fenton na mineralização e degradação dos poluentes orgânicos e inorgânicos, bem como dos corantes sintéticos. Para tanto, foi preparado o efluente têxtil sintético pela mistura de seis corantes: Laranja TGL (C25H33ClN6O6S2), Azul FGLE (C40H23N7Na4O13S4), Escarlate BNLE (C44H32N10Na4O16S4), Amarelo ARLE (C48H26N8Na6O18S6), Preto FR (C44H32N13Na3O11S3) e Marinho BLE (C38H24N5Na3O13S3), em água destilada, com concentração de 50 mg L-1. Os experimentos foram realizados em reatores de escala laboratorial utilizando fontes de irradiação UV natural e artificial. Os parâmetros operacionais dos reatores: pH inicial e a concentração dos reagentes H2O2 e Fe2+, foram otimizados baseados nos valores da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e descoloração, a partir de um planejamento fatorial 33 completo com o tempo de irradiação constante em 120 minutos. A eficiência do processo foto-Fenton, aplicado no tratamento dos efluentes sintético e real, foi avaliada baseada nos parâmetros: redução dos valores da DQO, cor, turbidez, carbono orgânico total (COT), absorvância nos comprimentos de onda de máxima absorção relativos aos corantes e aos compostos aromáticos simples e conjugados, além da análise do comportamento da evolução das concentrações de sulfato, nitrato inorgânico, nitrogênio orgânico e amoniacal. Para auxiliar na obtenção das condições ótimas dos parâmetros operacionais do reator e redução dos custos do processo foto-Fenton, as respostas experimentais para a redução da DQO e da cor foram ajustados por um modelo previsto de segunda ordem, o qual apresentou uma boa modelagem dos dados, validado pela ANOVA. Os valores ótimos operacionais do reator, para ambos os processos foto-Fenton no tratamento do efluente real, foram: pH = 3,0, concentração de H2O2 = 6,0 g L-1 e concentração de Fe2+ = 0,05 g L-1. Nestas condições, foram obtidos valores próximos a 100% de redução dos parâmetros físico-químicos DQO, cor, turbidez e COT. Os compostos aromáticos se mostraram mais resistentes a reação, persistindo por mais tempo. A degradação da matéria orgânica e inorgânica foi verificada analisando a evolução do processo de nitrificação e a formação ou redução de sulfatos. Os processos apresentaram eficiências similares tanto com irradiação solar como artificial, desta forma, sugere-se a utilização do processo foto-Fenton solar, pois mostrou ser uma alternativa eficiente além de utilizar uma fonte de energia limpa e renovável.

Evapotranspiration is a nexus for planetary energy and carbon cycles, as yet poorly constrained. Here I use stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen to partition flux of water due to plant transpiration from the direct evaporative flux from soils, water bodies and plant. The study areas, Langat and Kelantan watersheds represent examples of domains dominated by the respective Southwest and Northeast monsoons on the two sides of the main orographic barrier (Titiwangsa mountain range). Mean annual rainfall for the Langat watershed, obtained from 30 years of hydrological data, is 2145 ± 237 mm. Tentatively, 48% of this precipitation returns to the atmosphere via transpiration (T), with 33% partitioned into discharge (Q), 8% into interception (In), and 11% into evaporation (Ed). In the Kelantan watershed, the mean annual rainfall, also based on the 30 year hydrological data, is 2383 ± 120 mm. Similar to Langat, the T accounts for 43% of precipitation (P), 45% is discharged into South China Sea (Q), 12% partitioned into interception (In) and tentatively 0% for evaporation (Ed). Ed for the Langat watershed represents only a small proportion in terms of volumetric significance, up to almost ~11% with strong effect on the isotopic fingerprints of waters associated with the summer Southwest Monsoon (SWM). Note, however, that insignificant Ed for the Kelantan watershed may be an artefact of rain and river water sampling at only coastal downstream portion of the watershed. High humidity (80%) also was recorded for the Malaysian Peninsula watershed. T appropriates about half of all solar energy absorbed by the continents, here ~1000*103 g H2O m-2 yr-1 similar to other tropical regions at 900-1200*103 g H2O m-2 yr-1. The associated carbon fluxes are ~ 1300 g C m-2yr-1, independent of P. Vegetation responses to solar irradiance, via T and photosynthesis reflects the importance of stomatal regulation of the water and carbon fluxes. In order to maintain high transpiration in the tropical region, “constant” water supply is required for continuous pumping of water that delivers nutrients to the plant, suggesting that water and carbon cycle are co-driven by the energy of the sun. The existence of the water conveyor belt may be precondition for nutrient delivery, hence operation of the carbon cycle. Potentially, this may change our perspective on the role that biology plays in the water cycle. In such perspective, the global water cycle is the medium that redistributes the incoming solar energy across the planet, and the anatomical structures of plants then help to optimize the loop of energy transfer via evaporation and precipitation in the hydrologic cycle. The main features of aquatic geochemistry of the Langat and Kelantan rivers inferred from the Principal Component Analysis are controlled by three components that explain 80% and 82% of total variances. These components are reflecting of the geogenic factor with superimposed pollution, the latter particularly pronounced in urbanized sections of the Langat river and dominant in downstream of the Kelantan river. There is no correlation between seasonal variations in major ion chemistry and environmental variables such as precipitation, discharge, temperature or solar activity.

This master thesis deals with the influence of glazing on the microclimate inside buildings. In particular, I focused on the shading coefficient and the various factors that affect it. The thesis also concentrates on the origin and composition of the solar radiation, the formation of thermal stress and refraction. In the next part of the thesis, I focused on designing two variants of shielding factor and its impact on the thermal load of gym, sports hall and the related necessary changes. The last part of the thesis deals with experimental measurements of incident solar radiation passing through the window into real physical model. From the measured values, we determined realistic shading coefficient and then applied it in the previous section of this thesis.

This master’s thesis focuses on effect of outer building construction on thermal load of space. The effect of translucent and non-translucent construction is discussed. The project of air-conditioning system is prepared for the two alternatives of the translucent construction, including the purchase price of the airconditioning system and glazing and the savings on summer cooling. Afterwards the period of the recovery of investment is calculated. The plan of the airconditioning system is connected to my bachelor’s thesis “Airconditioning in the car showroom”, the subject of which was the plan of the airconditioning system of the car showroom.

The master´s thesis analyzes influence of direct and reflected solar radiation to heat strain and degradation of thermal insulation in the flat roof construction. In many building was a problem in a significant degradation of thermal insulation made from expanded polystyrene in the vicinity of glass surfaces. To determine the causes of this problem, it was necessary to study and test the properties of building materials and the physical nature of the effect of solar radiation on the building structure. In the introductory section lists the cases of buildings with degradation of thermal insulation and existing knowledge on this issue. The theoretical part describes the technical properties of thermal insulating materials used in the flat roof construction, nature and division of solar radiation, optical laws of light reflection and physical theory to explain the technical thermal behavior of building materials and structures. The last part describes a practical model and analyzing measured data in thermal stress in the flat roof construction. The practical part also determines the importance of different influences configuration structures using to dynamic simulations. At the end of the practical part they are validated theoretical knowledge obtained by analyzing data from a practical model.

The theme of this diploma thesis is the architectural study of the complex of the Farm of 3D Printers in Jaroslavice. The technology of 3D printing at its speed of development has far outweighed the response to its needs. It lacks a new systematically planned building typology corresponding to the requirements of farms. Farms adapt to the spaces. The main aim of the work is to introduce the possibility of turning the situation and adapting the premises to the farms. The thesis follows the urban design of the restructuring of the Jaroslavice landscape elaborated in the previous semester. The project respects established principles at microregion level in the form of emphasis on self-sufficiency, population integrity or the use of current technologies. The land is located on the southern part of Jaroslavice. There are 3 agricultural buildings located on the property, which until 2010, when a photovoltaic power plant was built, operated in conjunction with a neighboring agricultural court. After the power plant was built, the bonds were irreversibly broken. Buildings are in a very poor condition and mutual cooperation no longer works. The existing solution replaces and shows the possibility of using solar energy in a different way. Thus, the construction cartridge works with a hybrid typology where the 3D production area is combined with the maximum solar gains of the photovoltaic panels. Generative methods have been used to design dominantly either for finding a form in terms of achieving maximum solar gains or after verifying the efficiency of the structure. The proposal has several scenarios of possible development. There are four different stages of growth and the linkage of production areas. Printers are able to replicate themselves at such a rate that they can expect rapid growth. The proposal uses controlled growth methods to simulate complex development under the conditions of maximum solar radiation. Visual distraction and overheating are also solved by atypical sunsets on the exterior façade. Thin-film photovoltaic panels are used on the sun, so it is able to produce electricity besides the shield. The energy-efficient shape along with the great advantage of the layout solution, instead of the corridor disposition, is a basic cell on the central plan view. This makes it possible to control and operate more of the machines more efficiently. The production site forwards counts full robot automation.

This diploma thesis deals with photovoltaic rechargable regulators used in isolated, or off-grid photovoltaic systems. First, basic types of off-grid installations, including their functions and applications in practice are described. Then, possibilities of electric energy accumulation in photovoltaic systems are mentioned, considering actual, accesible technologies. Matters of electric energy accumulation in leaden accumulators are examined in detail. Main part of the diploma thesis is about electronic designs of photovoltaic, also called solar, rechargable regulators. These are the main connecting part between photovoltaic panels, accumulator, but also often connected charge, which is appliance. Individual electronic regulators concepts are described narrowly, then compared and evaluated in thesis´ conclusion.

This diploma thesis is focused on development and initial run of a measurement system whose aim is to measure photovoltaic panel efficiency. Experimental photovoltaic panel is installed outside the laboratory. Measurement system consists of the solar radiation measurement module (pyranometer), photovoltaic panel load module (panel power measurement) and panel climate measurement module. Data from measurement module is being captured via control computer for subsequent analysis of panel efficiency and climatic impacts on it.