Abstract This study investigated the distributions of polyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediment cores collected from continental shelf of Gaoping submarine canyon. The sediment cores were analyzed for PAHs to reconstruct historical contamination record of these compounds and to find out the possible sources, trends and fluxes. The average concentrations of £U50 and £U16 PAHs ranged from 568 to 816 ng/g and from 169 to 256 ng/g, respectively. Except for sediment cores L10 and L26, the high molecular weight PAHs (4-6 ring PAHs) were found dominant in 1960s-2006, while the low molecular weight PAHs (2-3 ring PAHs) were found dominant before 1960s. Results from diagnostic ratios and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) both suggested that sources of PAHs in the cores of southern continental shelf were primarily from petrogenic, while those in the cores of northern continental shelf were from pyrogenic and petroleum combustion. There is a significant increasing of total PAH concentrations between 1930-1950, suggesting that might be an evident during the World War II. Due to increase of importing fossil fuel and the growth of heavy industrials in Gaoping area, the total concentrations of PAHs showed an increasing trend again since 1950s in the core from continental shelf of Gaoping submarine canyon. In addition, during 1990-2006, the total concentrations of PAHs showed a decreasing trend might result from the environmental protection laws. It is noteworthy that in L28 and L29 sediment cores, the increase of total PAH concentrations recorded during 1990-2006 may be due to the dumping of the sludge from dredged Kaohsiung harbor sediments. Comparing with the sediment quality guidelines (SQG), the PAH concentrations in the northern continental shelf sediment samples were higher than the Threshold Effect Level (TEL) value, suggesting there might be an adverse biological effects caused by PAHs. Keywords¡GPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Kaohsiung harbor, Sediment quality guidelines (SQG)

We use four current meter mooring records and quasi-synoptic hydrographic observations in conjunction with a one-dimensional quasi-geostrophic (QG) linear stability model to investigate the downstream changes in the Brazil Current (BC) System off the southeast Brazil (22°S-28°S) as well as its implications. The dataset depicts the downstream thickening of the BC: Its vertical extension increases from 350 m at 22.7°S to 800 m at 27.9°S. Most of this deepening occurs between 25.5°S and 27.9°S, and it is likely linked to the Santos bifurcation. To the south of that bifurcation, the BC transport is increased by at least 5 Sv. Moreover, the analysis of the water column average kinetic energy (IKE) and its barotropic/baroclinic partition show that the Santos bifurcation is associated with a substantial increase in the barotropic component of the BC System: The IKE is, on average, 70 % baroclinic to the north and becomes 63 % barotropic to the south of that bifurcation. The water column average eddy kinetic energy (IEKE) and its ratio to the IKE quantitatively reveal the conspicuous mesoscale activity associated to the BC off the southeast Brazil; accordingly, the IEKE accounts for (30-60)% of the IKE. The linear stability model predicts southwestward-propagating fastest-growing waves [~(180-190) km] within 25.5°S-27.9°S and quasi-standing most-unstable waves (~230 km) at 22.7°S, roughly consistent with observations and previous work. We also assess the ability of the QG modes and surface QG (SQG) solutions to represent the vertical structure of the sub-inertial time-varying flow in the southwestern Atlantic. At two moorings, which present a sharp near-surface decay in the vertical structure of the 1st empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of current meter time series, the SQG solutions are consistent with the data, accounting for up to 85 % of the 1st EOF variance. The SQG solutions are nonetheless indistinguishable from a four QG mode representation. In contrast, at a third mooring that do not present such sharp-decay, the vertical structure of the 1st EOF is fairly well-captured by the traditional barotropic/1st baroclinic mode combination, which accounts for 91 % of its variance. We argue that such vertical structures may be associated with the type of instability experimented by the mean flow in each region. \"Charney-like\" or surface-intensified \"Phillips-like\" instabilities may rationalize the observed SQG-like vertical structures depicted at two moorings. Mid-depthintensified \"Phillips-like\" instabilities are consistent with a two QG mode representation at a third mooring. / Séries temporais correntográficas, observações hidrográficas quase-sinóticas e um modelo linear quase-geostrófico (QG) são combinados com o propósito de investigar as transformações no Sistema Corrente do Brasil (CB) ao largo da costa sudeste (22°S-28°S) e suas implicações. O conjunto de dados revela o espessamento vertical da CB, que ocupa os 350 m superiores da coluna de água em 22,7°S e atinge 800 m em 27,9°S. Parte significativa deste espessamento ocorre entre 25,5°S e 27,9°S, provavelmente relacionado à Bifurcação de Santos. Ao sul desta bifurcação, o transporte da CB é pelo menos 5 Sv superior. Ademais, a análise da energia cinética média na coluna de água (ECM) e sua partição entre componentes barotrópica e baroclínica revela que a Bifurcação de Santos está associada ao aumento significativo da componente barotrópica do Sistema CB. A ECM é, em média, 70% baroclínica ao norte da bifurcação, tornando-se 63% barotrópica ao sul desta. A análise da energia cinética turbulenta média na coluna de água (ECTM) corrobora o importante papel da atividade de mesoescala do Sistema CB ao largo do sudeste do Brasil: A ECTM é responsável por (30-60)% da ECM. O modelo de estabilidade linear prevê ondas com maiores taxas de crescimento [~(180-190) km] que se propagam para sudoeste entre 25,5°S-27,9°S. Em 22,7°S, as ondas mais instáveis (~230 km) crescem essencialmente sem propagação, consistente com as observações e também com informações presentes na literatura. A habilidade dos modos QG e das soluções QG superficiais (QGS) em representar a variabilidade subinercial no Atlântico Sudoeste também é investigada. Em dois fundeios, a estrutura vertical da 1ª função empírica ortogonal (FOE) apresenta um decaimento agudo. Este decaimento é consistente com soluções QGS, que contêm até 85% da variância da 1ª FOE. No entanto, estas soluções convergem para uma representação por quatro modos QG. Por outro lado, a estrutura vertical da 1ª FOE em um terceiro fundeio não apresenta tal decaimento marcante. Consequentemente, a 1ª FOE é bem representada pela tradicional combinação dos modos barotrópico/1o baroclínico. Argumentamos que estas estruturas podem estar associadas ao tipo de instabilidade experimentada pelo escoamento médio em cada região. Instabilidades tipo \"Charney\" ou \"Phillips\" (intensificadas em superfície) são consistentes com estruturas verticais tipo QGS presentes em dois fundeios. Instabilidades tipo \"Phillips\" (intensificadas em meia água) são consistentes com a representação por dois modos QG em um terceiro fundeio

We use four current meter mooring records and quasi-synoptic hydrographic observations in conjunction with a one-dimensional quasi-geostrophic (QG) linear stability model to investigate the downstream changes in the Brazil Current (BC) System off the southeast Brazil (22°S-28°S) as well as its implications. The dataset depicts the downstream thickening of the BC: Its vertical extension increases from 350 m at 22.7°S to 800 m at 27.9°S. Most of this deepening occurs between 25.5°S and 27.9°S, and it is likely linked to the Santos bifurcation. To the south of that bifurcation, the BC transport is increased by at least 5 Sv. Moreover, the analysis of the water column average kinetic energy (IKE) and its barotropic/baroclinic partition show that the Santos bifurcation is associated with a substantial increase in the barotropic component of the BC System: The IKE is, on average, 70 % baroclinic to the north and becomes 63 % barotropic to the south of that bifurcation. The water column average eddy kinetic energy (IEKE) and its ratio to the IKE quantitatively reveal the conspicuous mesoscale activity associated to the BC off the southeast Brazil; accordingly, the IEKE accounts for (30-60)% of the IKE. The linear stability model predicts southwestward-propagating fastest-growing waves [~(180-190) km] within 25.5°S-27.9°S and quasi-standing most-unstable waves (~230 km) at 22.7°S, roughly consistent with observations and previous work. We also assess the ability of the QG modes and surface QG (SQG) solutions to represent the vertical structure of the sub-inertial time-varying flow in the southwestern Atlantic. At two moorings, which present a sharp near-surface decay in the vertical structure of the 1st empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of current meter time series, the SQG solutions are consistent with the data, accounting for up to 85 % of the 1st EOF variance. The SQG solutions are nonetheless indistinguishable from a four QG mode representation. In contrast, at a third mooring that do not present such sharp-decay, the vertical structure of the 1st EOF is fairly well-captured by the traditional barotropic/1st baroclinic mode combination, which accounts for 91 % of its variance. We argue that such vertical structures may be associated with the type of instability experimented by the mean flow in each region. \"Charney-like\" or surface-intensified \"Phillips-like\" instabilities may rationalize the observed SQG-like vertical structures depicted at two moorings. Mid-depthintensified \"Phillips-like\" instabilities are consistent with a two QG mode representation at a third mooring. / Séries temporais correntográficas, observações hidrográficas quase-sinóticas e um modelo linear quase-geostrófico (QG) são combinados com o propósito de investigar as transformações no Sistema Corrente do Brasil (CB) ao largo da costa sudeste (22°S-28°S) e suas implicações. O conjunto de dados revela o espessamento vertical da CB, que ocupa os 350 m superiores da coluna de água em 22,7°S e atinge 800 m em 27,9°S. Parte significativa deste espessamento ocorre entre 25,5°S e 27,9°S, provavelmente relacionado à Bifurcação de Santos. Ao sul desta bifurcação, o transporte da CB é pelo menos 5 Sv superior. Ademais, a análise da energia cinética média na coluna de água (ECM) e sua partição entre componentes barotrópica e baroclínica revela que a Bifurcação de Santos está associada ao aumento significativo da componente barotrópica do Sistema CB. A ECM é, em média, 70% baroclínica ao norte da bifurcação, tornando-se 63% barotrópica ao sul desta. A análise da energia cinética turbulenta média na coluna de água (ECTM) corrobora o importante papel da atividade de mesoescala do Sistema CB ao largo do sudeste do Brasil: A ECTM é responsável por (30-60)% da ECM. O modelo de estabilidade linear prevê ondas com maiores taxas de crescimento [~(180-190) km] que se propagam para sudoeste entre 25,5°S-27,9°S. Em 22,7°S, as ondas mais instáveis (~230 km) crescem essencialmente sem propagação, consistente com as observações e também com informações presentes na literatura. A habilidade dos modos QG e das soluções QG superficiais (QGS) em representar a variabilidade subinercial no Atlântico Sudoeste também é investigada. Em dois fundeios, a estrutura vertical da 1ª função empírica ortogonal (FOE) apresenta um decaimento agudo. Este decaimento é consistente com soluções QGS, que contêm até 85% da variância da 1ª FOE. No entanto, estas soluções convergem para uma representação por quatro modos QG. Por outro lado, a estrutura vertical da 1ª FOE em um terceiro fundeio não apresenta tal decaimento marcante. Consequentemente, a 1ª FOE é bem representada pela tradicional combinação dos modos barotrópico/1o baroclínico. Argumentamos que estas estruturas podem estar associadas ao tipo de instabilidade experimentada pelo escoamento médio em cada região. Instabilidades tipo \"Charney\" ou \"Phillips\" (intensificadas em superfície) são consistentes com estruturas verticais tipo QGS presentes em dois fundeios. Instabilidades tipo \"Phillips\" (intensificadas em meia água) são consistentes com a representação por dois modos QG em um terceiro fundeio

L'océan est un milieu fortement turbulent caractérisé notamment par de nombreuses structures tourbillonnaires très énergétiques interagissant entre elles. Dans les couches de surface, les observations ainsi que les modèles montrent que cette dynamique mésoéchelle et submésoéchelle combinée à la dynamique de la couche mélangée, contraint fortement la distribution des espèces phytoplanctoniques. L'objet de cette thèse est de réaliser une étude de processus en modélisation numérique afin de rationaliser l'effet de la turbulence méso- et subméso-échelle d'une part et du mélange vertical d'autre part, sur la diversité phytoplanctonique. L'étude analytique de la dynamique intrinsèque d'un modèle d'écosystème simple avec deux espèces de phytoplancton à l'aide de la théorie des systèmes dynamiques a tout d'abord permis de déterminer les équilibres non-linéaires ainsi que leur stabilité en fonction des paramètres. Nous avons montré ensuite que la diffusion verticale turbulente est un moteur de la coexistence des espèces phytoplanctoniques. La sensibilité de ces résultats a été testée à la fois vis à vis de la profondeur de la couche mélangée, de l'intensité du mélange et du nombre d'espèces phytoplanctoniques. Enfin, nous avons montré que la turbulence quasi-géostrophique de surface permet également la coexistence de deux espèces phytoplanctoniques sur une ressource limitante à l'équilibre statistique. De plus, ce type de turbulence organise différemment les espèces selon les structures : les structures filamentaires sont favorables au grand phytoplancton alors que les tourbillons apparaissent comme des niches écologiques pour le petit phytoplancton. Cette étude révèle que dans tous les cas, les injections verticales de nutriments sont un facteur important induisant cette différence de distribution entre les espèces.

La dynamique océanique, notamment dans les régions Australes, se caractérise par d'importantes fluctuations induites par les processus à mésoéchelle (tourbillons, 100-200km) et à sous-mésoéchelle (filaments, <50km). Ces processus sont connus pour stimuler fortement le développement du phytoplancton et avec lui l'ensemble de la chaine trophique. Toutefois les relations entre la distribution des proies et celle des prédateurs sont encore loin d'être bien connues pour la plupart des espèces marines. C'est en particulier le cas pour l'éléphant de mer austral (EDM) dont les proies souvent localisées à grandes profondeurs. Cette thèse s’est intéressée à étudier comment le comportement de plongée et de chasse des EDM est influencé par les variations à fine échelle de l'environnement. Une des originalités de cette thèse a été d’utiliser les mesures à très haute résolution récoltées par les éléphants de mer qui constituent un jeu de données 3-D in-situ unique à sous-mésoéchelle, puis de les combiner aux mesures satellites plus classiques de température et d'altimétrie. Ce travail a montré, pour la première fois à l’aide de données in-situ très haute résolution, l’importance des zones frontales à sous-mésoéchelle dans le comportement alimentaire d’un prédateur supérieur. De plus, elle a permis le développement d’une méthode originale d’identification des zones frontales à fine échelle et confirmé la pertinence de la méthode Quasi-Géostrophique de Surface (SQG) dans l’étude de la dynamique fine échelle, notamment dans les perspectives des futures missions spatiales à hautes résolutions (de type SWOT). / Ocean dynamics, especially in the southern ocean, are caracterized by strong fluctuation due to mesoscale (eddies, 100-200km) and submesoscale (filaments, <50km) processes. Theses processes are known to strongly stimulate primary production and with him the rest of the trophic chain. However, in marine ecosystems, relationship between prey and predator distribution remain challenging to understand. Such complexe link exist within the Southern Elephant Seal (SES) and their deep diving prey.This PhD worked to understand how the SES diving and foraging behaviour is impacted by submesoscale variation of the environment. Two original aspects of this work was first to use the very high resolution measurement from SES as an unique 3-D in-situ submesoscale dataset and then to combine it to, more classic, satellite temperature and altimetry measurement. This work showed, for the first time the in-situ impact of submesoscale frontal regions on one top predator foraging behaviour. Furthermore, during this study, an original method to identify fine scale frontal regions was developped. Finally, this PhD confirm the relevant use of the Surface Quasi-Geostrophic method in the study of fine scale dynamics, especially in the possibility of high resolution spatial missions (such as SWOT).