Science, Technology, Engineering, Math (STEM) and agriculture are rapidly growing fields and important disciplines for meeting the needs of a growing population, including those related to food access and sustainability. However, there are not enough qualified employees entering into these fields, and additionally, those entering into the fields are not often from underrepresented groups, presenting a need for an increased push to boost the entrance and retention of minorities into degree programs that will prepare them for employment in fields of STEM or agriculture. African American men are one population that has even more disparate numbers of students entering and persisting in these fields and there exists a gap in information about the lived experiences and perceptions of members of this group within this field. This study utilized a phenomenological lens to explore the experiences of self-identified African American men currently enrolled in a STEM or agricultural degree program. Individual problem-solving preferences, academic motivation and subscription to black identity were examined using a conceptual framework adapted from Kirton's Cognitive Functions schema and the Organismic socio-behavioral perspective. This conceptual framework was viewed through a lens of critical race theory in order to determine the salience of these factors on the development of a STEM identity among African American males. The results of this study interrogate current educational practices to provide information about student perceptions, experiences with belonging and coping strategies utilized to overcome real and perceived barriers to STEM or agricultural degree attainment giving voice to this underrepresented group. Data from this study provide information to better inform STEM recruitment and retention practices and include recommendations for future research. / Doctor of Philosophy / STEM and agriculture are two of the most rapidly growing fields within our time and important disciplines for meeting the needs of a growing population, including those related to food access and sustainability. However, there are not enough qualified employees entering into these fields, and additionally, those entering into the fields are not often from underrepresented groups, presenting a need for an increased push to boost the entrance and retention of minorities into degree programs that will prepare them for employment in fields of STEM or agriculture. African American men are one population that has even more disparate numbers of students entering and persisting in these fields. This study utilized a phenomenological lens to explore the experiences of self-identified African American men currently enrolled in a STEM or agricultural degree program. Problem-solving preference, academic motivation and subscription to black identity were explored through a critical race lens, using a conceptual framework adapted from Kirton’s Cognitive Functions schema and the Organismic socio-behavioral perspectives interrogating student experiences, perceptions of belongingness and coping seeking to determine the salience of these factors on the development of a STEM identity.

<p>While literature on sexual minority issues is limited, there is evidence supporting poor retention rate among lesbian, gay, and bisexual students (LGB) studying science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). STEM fields often have heterosexist environments that present unique barriers to LGB individuals, though, more must be done to understand factors that deter sexual minorities from entering and remaining in the field. I aim to contribute to the scarce LGB scholarship by examining the STEM climate and exploring factors related to persistence.</p><p> This dissertation is composed of two independent articles that each investigate the issue of underrepresentation of LGB individuals in STEM fields. The first article analyzes existing literature and calls on counseling psychologists to address the problem through using queer theory. I identify various factors that make sexual minorities a difficult population to research, note the additional challenges heterosexism creates for LGB individuals, and recommend counseling psychologists use queer theory to research the systems within STEM. I conclude with recommendations for clinicians and universities.</p> The second article includes an empirical study examining factors related to poor persistence in STEM among LGB undergraduates. Using a mediation model, I hypothesized burnout and the imposter phenomenon would mediate the relationships between stereotype threat and STEM identity, as well as the relationship between STEM identity and persistence. Results indicated stereotype threat was a significant positive predictor of burnout and imposter phenomenon, while STEM identity was a significant predictor of persistence. Results also suggested the effect of stereotype threat on STEM identity is explained better using burnout and imposter phenomenon.

STEM identity, a disciplinary identity that reflects an individual's self-understanding in connection with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), impacts students ' integration into and retention within STEM fields. This study aimed to develop a STEM identity model, called the BioCheM-ID, to measure STEM identity across biology, chemistry, and mathematics among students enrolled in an introductory-level biology course at a large post-secondary public institution in Texas, United States. The study explored how student-centered factors, such as gender, race, student major, and pre-college informal STEM learning experiences, influence STEM identity. Additionally, the study investigated the relationships between students' educational aspirations, expectations, and STEM identity, and the connections between STEM identity and how undergraduates process, use, and interpret the slope-intercept concept of a simple linear graph (y = mx + b). The BioCheM-ID model comprised five latent factors: biology perceived competence and interest, chemistry perceived competence and interest, mathematics perceived competence and interest, biology and chemistry beliefs, and mathematics beliefs. Students' major and pre-college informal STEM learning experiences, particularly mentoring and tutoring, were significant factors of STEM identity. Positive correlations were observed between educational aspirations, expectations, and STEM identity. Students with high STEM identities demonstrated proficiency in providing productive responses regarding the slope-intercept concept of a simple linear graph, showcasing high graphical literacy.

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In Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields, identity and belonging are affected by how students view themselves as belonging in STEM or not. The movement to help students understand that anyone can be successful in STEM is an incredibly important one. However, how students construct their identities within STEM is important for maintaining their engagement within STEM fields over time. If we condition students to expect positive feedback for having an aptitude in a STEM field early-on, what I deem genius culture, we risk helping these students develop resilience when faced with challenges. Although, if we tell students that everyone can succeed in STEM, we risk deflating students who are gifted or talented in STEM and equating growth/improvement as mastery, thereby discouraging inquiry. Moreover, as instructors, our own sense of STEM-self affects how we teach and reward our students for their successes. A more sustainable goal is to make students aware of their STEM-self and help students bolster their sense of belonging in STEM rather than acknowledging only their perceived successes or failures.

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to investigate the experiences of Black alumni from an all girls STEM-focused high school to determine their college and career outcomes in STEM. I investigate how Black women describe their experiences related to STEM barriers and supports, their identities, and college and career choices, as they remain one of the most underrepresented groups in STEM. Three Black women, who are alumni from a Grades 6-12 STEM-focused all girls school, were interviewed and participated in a focus group. The study employed a theoretical lens of Black feminist thought intersectionality, and STEM identity in describing experiences through reflection and discourse, which drew on a phenomenological approach. The results of this study provided insights into the experiences of Black alumni from an all-girls STEM high school, and revealed that while the school promoted women's empowerment and a safe environment of familiarity, there is a need for more supportive learning environments that allow their voices; and representation of Black women that center their unique identities and experiences. Participants expressed the need for more guidance beyond high school in understanding the complexities of transitioning to adulthood that affect college and career outcomes. More longitudinal studies are needed in future research to better understand the educational journeys and career pathways of Black women in STEM and all girls schools so that we can prepare a more diverse, skilled and competitive STEM workforce, and empower Black women to excel in STEM fields.