Does allocating large amounts of international aid specifically for fighting HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa have an influence on mortality rates in this region? This paper explores the relationship between total Official Development Assistance and Official Development Assistance earmarked for HIV/AIDS with AIDS mortality and overall mortality within Sub-Saharan Africa between 2000 and 2006. There are no definitive findings from this study to conclude that the amount of any form of assistance aid has a positive or negative effect on mortality. The results suggest that focusing on establishing greater development and less government corruption would more effectively alleviate the high mortality rates in Sub-Saharan Africa than increasing funding for HIV/AIDS.

This project aims to explore alternative ways of promoting urban connectivity in Skellefteå, a northern Swedish city in the sub-arctic region. Skellefteå was initially known for its mining history, rich natural resources including wood, wind, and hydropower. An economic transition began in the 1990s when digital and electronic industries started to grow. In 2019, Northvolt decided to build its battery plant in Skellefteå, which is going to impact the city dramatically.Skellefteå is on its way to become an innovative and technology-oriented economy, but there are underlying challenges due to its location, climate, and population. This project argues that one prominent factor is the lack of connectivity both within the city itself and to the outside world, and that the traditional ways of promoting physical connectivity may not be viable in the sub-arctic context. As a resolution three non-physical layers are proposed as alternative means to strengthen social, economic, and ecological connectivity:FOOD: a number of food hubs and connecting networks provide spaces for co-presence and participative food production, activating public life.KNOWLEDGE: existing schools and offices are opened up and reprogramed for the public, encourage the exchange of information and opinions.WASTE & ENERGY: ecological assets will be tightly integrated through the circulation of waste and energy.

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El presente trabajo aborda el estudio de la seguridad de los peacekeepers en las operaciones de mantenimiento de paz (OMP´s) en África Subsahariana en el periodo 2014 – 2019, enfocándose principalmente en los casos de MINUSMA (Mali) y UNMISS (Sudán del Sur). Tiene como objetivo principal identificar las posibles causas exógenas (amenazas que se encuentran en el ambiente operacional de la misión) y endógenas (que son las vulnerabilidades propias de la misión) que vienen influyendo en el deterioro de la misma. Para las causas exógenas, la investigación aborda cuatro variables: la Primavera Árabe (como principal fenómeno que influyó en la estabilidad del Norte de África y la zona del Sahel), la dinámica del conflicto (referido a la gran cantidad de actores e intereses de los mismos, los cuales generan las denominadas “zonas grises”), el factor étnico (como uno de los aspectos más visibles en los conflictos de África Subsahariana) y la fragilidad estatal de los países anfitriones (que de acuerdo a normatividad de Naciones Unidas, son responsables de la seguridad de los peacekeepers); del mismo modo, para las variables endógenas se toman en cuenta la actividad de inteligencia y la capacitación y entrenamiento de los peacekeepers. Actualmente, el Estado peruano, a través del Ministerio de Defensa y del Comando Conjunto viene desplegando peacekeepers a la región de África Subsahariana, toda vez que dentro de los roles estratégicos de las Fuerzas Armadas se encuentra el de tener presencia internacional de acuerdo a la política internacional de nuestro país, situación que justifica la presente investigación. Como conclusión general se llega a determinar que las actuales OMP´s en África Subsahariana vienen presentando enormes desafíos a nuestros peacekeepers. Hoy en día ya no podamos hablar de operaciones de paz, como comunmente las conocíamos; la solución de estos conflictos requieren de nuevas herramientas legales y operacionales, que les brinde a los peacekeepers una adecuada libertad de acción. Es posible que ya nos encontremos frente a una nueva generación de OMP´s, en el cual prima, antes que la negociación, las operaciones contrainsurgentes, para dar solución al problema.

<p> This thesis examines the influence of size and ownership of plants on the employment characteristics and locational behaviour of plants. The variables utilized to attain this objective were: foreign and Canadian-owned plants; single and multi-plants; plant, office and executive employment; location of plants within Toronto Census Metropolitan Area; and location of plants among aggregated areas in Ontario. Two methods were used in analysing the data. First, the mean of plant and employment data were obtained to provide employment characteristics. Second, regression analysis was performed to obtain in what areas there was a growth or decline of plants and employment. </p> <p> The result of the study show that foreign-owned plants employ a greater proportion of unskilled labour and are growing in reletively rural areas. On the other hand, single plants employ a greater proportion of executives and are growing within the outskirts of the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

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