nÃo hà / Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o impacto do Programa de AlfabetizaÃÃo na Idade Certa (PAIC) e de outras variÃveis que caracterizam as famÃlias, a escola e o decente, sobre o resultado municipal da Prova Brasil em 2011 dos alunos do 5 ano do Ensino Fundamental, oriundos do Programa em 2008 (2Âano do Ensino Fundamental). Para isto, estima-se dois modelos economÃtricos utilizando os mÃtodos dos MÃnimos Quadrados OrdinÃrios e SUR, a partir dos microdados da Prova Brasil e da Pesquisa de InformaÃÃes BÃsicas Municipais - IBGE. AtravÃs de uma anÃlise comparativa dos resultados por municÃpio do Estado do Cearà com outros municÃpios nordestinos, foram encontradas evidÃncias que corroboram a hipÃtese de que o PAIC exerce um papel contundente na educaÃÃo de crianÃas, especialmente aquelas cujas mÃes nÃo sÃo alfabetizadas. / This Study aims to analyze the impacts of the Literacy Program at Right Age (PAIC), and other variables that characterize the householders, schools and teachers, on the outcome of Proof Brazil in 2011 from students at 5th Grade of Elementary School that participated of this program in 2007 and 2008 (2nd year of Elementary School). For this we estimate two models using methods of OLS and SUR using municipal microdata from Proof Brazil and data from Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Through a comparative analysis of the results we have found evidences supporting the hypothesis that the PAIC Program plays a role in the education of the children from the cities that have established the program, especially those whose mothers are less literate.

In this thesis financial movements are considered in terms of foreign direct investment (FDI) and a related way to international banking. In Chapter 2 FDI is analysed in terms of the major G7 economies. Then this is further handled in Chapter 3 in terms of bilateral FDI (BFDI) data related to a broader group of economies and a main mode of analysis the Gravity model. Gravity models are then used in Chapter 4 to analyse bilateral cross border lending in a similar way. While the exchange rate effect is handled in terms of volatility and measured using models of conditional variance. The analysis focused on the bilateral data pays attention to the breakdown of crises across the whole period. With further consideration made of the Euro zone in terms of the study of BFDI and cross border lending. The initial study looks at the determinants of the inflow and outflow of stocks of FDI in the G7 economies for the period 1980-2011. A number of factors, such as research and development (R&D), openness and relative costs are shown to be important, but the main focus is on the impact of the real and nominal effective exchange rate volatility. Where nominal and real exchange rate volatility are measured using a model of generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) to explain the variance. Although the impact of volatility is theoretically ambiguous inflows are generally negatively affected by increased volatility, whilst there is some evidence outflows increase when volatility rises. In Chapter 3, the effect of bilateral exchange rate volatility is analysed using BFDI stocks, from 14 high income countries to all the OECD countries over the period 1995-2012. This is done using annual panel data with a gravity model. The empirical analysis applies the generalised method of moments (GMM) estimator to a gravity model of BFDI stocks. The findings imply that exports, GDP and distance are key variables that follow from the Gravity model. This study considers the East Asian, global financial markets and systemic banking crises have exerted an impact on BFDI. These effects vary by the type and origin of the crisis, but are generally negative. A high degree of exchange rate volatility discourages BFDI. Chapter 4 considers the determinants of cross-border banking activity from 19 advanced countries to the European Union (EU) over the period 1999-2014. Bilateral country-level stock data on cross-border lending is examined. The data allows us to analyse the effect of financial crises – differentiated by type: systemic banking crises, the global financial crisis, the Euro debt crisis and the Lehman Brothers crisis on the geography of cross-border lending. The problem is analysed using quarterly panel data with a Gravity model. The empirical "Gravity" model conditioned on distance and size measured by GDP is a benchmark in explaining the volume of cross border banking activities. In addition to the investigation of the impact of crises further comparison is made by investigating the impact of European integration on cross-border banking activities between member states. These results are robust to various econometric methodologies, samples, and institutional characteristics.

Ao tomar decisões de marketing mix, o gestor de marketing tem a sua disposição uma grande quantidade de métricas para definição de suas metas e avaliação dos impactos das atividades de marketing. O presente estudo determina as variáveis condutoras do uso gerencial de métricas durante a tomada de decisões de marketing mix, com base no modelo de Mintz e Currim (2013). A análise de 245 atividades de marketing mix reportadas por 163 gestores de médias e grandes empresas brasileiras demonstra que a estratégia da empresa, a orientação para métricas e a accountability financeira do profissional de marketing tem um maior impacto sobre o uso de métricas financeiras e de marketing do que as características da empresa e do ambiente de atuação. Ademais, o uso de métricas financeiras é também influenciado pelas características gerenciais do gestor de marketing. Estes resultados contrariam os achados de Mintz e Currim (2013), que indicam uma forte influência das características da empresa e do ambiente no qual o gestor atua sobre o uso de métricas. Do ponto de vista teórico, os achados indicam que a teoria da agência e a teoria da homofilia explicam melhor o uso gerencial de métricas do que a teoria contingencial. As decisões reportadas também demonstram uma forte associação entre o uso de métricas de marketing e a performance das atividades de marketing mix, mas uma associação muito fraca entre esta performance e o uso de medidas financeiras. Por fim, apesar da grande cobrança para que os executivos de marketing associem suas atividades aos resultados financeiros da empresa (SRIVASTAVA; SHERVANI; FAHEY, 1998; MSI, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008), os dados indicam uso restrito de métricas financeiras como Payback, Valor Presente do Fluxo de Caixa e Taxa Interna de Retorno e um amplo uso de métricas de Marketing como Participação de Mercado, Satisfação do Cliente e Qualidade Percebida. / While making a marketing mix decision, marketers have a large number of metrics to setting goals and to evaluate the impacts of their marketing activities. This study determines the impact of environmental, firm, and managerial characteristics on metric use in marketing mix decision, based on the Mintz and Currim’s (2013) model. The analysis of 245 marketing-mix activities, which were reported by 163 Brazilian managers, demonstrates that firm strategy, metric orientation, and marketing financial accountability have a stronger impact on marketing and financial metric use than firm and environmental characteristics do. Furthermore, managerial characteristics have a strong impact on financial metric use. These results are different from Mintz and Currim’s findings (2013). The authors indicate firm and environmental characteristics are the most important drivers of marketing and financial metric use. From a theoretical perspective, the findings indicate that agency theory and homophily theory are more useful in explaining the managerial metric use in marketing mix activities than the contingency theory is. The analysis also reveals that marketing metric use is positively associated with marketing-mix performance, but the financial metric use is not. Finally, despite the great pressure for linking marketing-mix activities with financial metrics (SRIVASTAVA; SHERVANI; FAHEY; 1998; MSI, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008), the reported activities indicate not just a limited use of financial metrics such as Payback, Cash Flow, and Internal Rate of Return, but also widespread use of marketing metrics such as Market Share, Customer Satisfaction, and Perceived Quality.

Ao tomar decisões de marketing mix, o gestor de marketing tem a sua disposição uma grande quantidade de métricas para definição de suas metas e avaliação dos impactos das atividades de marketing. O presente estudo determina as variáveis condutoras do uso gerencial de métricas durante a tomada de decisões de marketing mix, com base no modelo de Mintz e Currim (2013). A análise de 245 atividades de marketing mix reportadas por 163 gestores de médias e grandes empresas brasileiras demonstra que a estratégia da empresa, a orientação para métricas e a accountability financeira do profissional de marketing tem um maior impacto sobre o uso de métricas financeiras e de marketing do que as características da empresa e do ambiente de atuação. Ademais, o uso de métricas financeiras é também influenciado pelas características gerenciais do gestor de marketing. Estes resultados contrariam os achados de Mintz e Currim (2013), que indicam uma forte influência das características da empresa e do ambiente no qual o gestor atua sobre o uso de métricas. Do ponto de vista teórico, os achados indicam que a teoria da agência e a teoria da homofilia explicam melhor o uso gerencial de métricas do que a teoria contingencial. As decisões reportadas também demonstram uma forte associação entre o uso de métricas de marketing e a performance das atividades de marketing mix, mas uma associação muito fraca entre esta performance e o uso de medidas financeiras. Por fim, apesar da grande cobrança para que os executivos de marketing associem suas atividades aos resultados financeiros da empresa (SRIVASTAVA; SHERVANI; FAHEY, 1998; MSI, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008), os dados indicam uso restrito de métricas financeiras como Payback, Valor Presente do Fluxo de Caixa e Taxa Interna de Retorno e um amplo uso de métricas de Marketing como Participação de Mercado, Satisfação do Cliente e Qualidade Percebida. / While making a marketing mix decision, marketers have a large number of metrics to setting goals and to evaluate the impacts of their marketing activities. This study determines the impact of environmental, firm, and managerial characteristics on metric use in marketing mix decision, based on the Mintz and Currim’s (2013) model. The analysis of 245 marketing-mix activities, which were reported by 163 Brazilian managers, demonstrates that firm strategy, metric orientation, and marketing financial accountability have a stronger impact on marketing and financial metric use than firm and environmental characteristics do. Furthermore, managerial characteristics have a strong impact on financial metric use. These results are different from Mintz and Currim’s findings (2013). The authors indicate firm and environmental characteristics are the most important drivers of marketing and financial metric use. From a theoretical perspective, the findings indicate that agency theory and homophily theory are more useful in explaining the managerial metric use in marketing mix activities than the contingency theory is. The analysis also reveals that marketing metric use is positively associated with marketing-mix performance, but the financial metric use is not. Finally, despite the great pressure for linking marketing-mix activities with financial metrics (SRIVASTAVA; SHERVANI; FAHEY; 1998; MSI, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008), the reported activities indicate not just a limited use of financial metrics such as Payback, Cash Flow, and Internal Rate of Return, but also widespread use of marketing metrics such as Market Share, Customer Satisfaction, and Perceived Quality.

Ao tomar decisões de marketing mix, o gestor de marketing tem a sua disposição uma grande quantidade de métricas para definição de suas metas e avaliação dos impactos das atividades de marketing. O presente estudo determina as variáveis condutoras do uso gerencial de métricas durante a tomada de decisões de marketing mix, com base no modelo de Mintz e Currim (2013). A análise de 245 atividades de marketing mix reportadas por 163 gestores de médias e grandes empresas brasileiras demonstra que a estratégia da empresa, a orientação para métricas e a accountability financeira do profissional de marketing tem um maior impacto sobre o uso de métricas financeiras e de marketing do que as características da empresa e do ambiente de atuação. Ademais, o uso de métricas financeiras é também influenciado pelas características gerenciais do gestor de marketing. Estes resultados contrariam os achados de Mintz e Currim (2013), que indicam uma forte influência das características da empresa e do ambiente no qual o gestor atua sobre o uso de métricas. Do ponto de vista teórico, os achados indicam que a teoria da agência e a teoria da homofilia explicam melhor o uso gerencial de métricas do que a teoria contingencial. As decisões reportadas também demonstram uma forte associação entre o uso de métricas de marketing e a performance das atividades de marketing mix, mas uma associação muito fraca entre esta performance e o uso de medidas financeiras. Por fim, apesar da grande cobrança para que os executivos de marketing associem suas atividades aos resultados financeiros da empresa (SRIVASTAVA; SHERVANI; FAHEY, 1998; MSI, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008), os dados indicam uso restrito de métricas financeiras como Payback, Valor Presente do Fluxo de Caixa e Taxa Interna de Retorno e um amplo uso de métricas de Marketing como Participação de Mercado, Satisfação do Cliente e Qualidade Percebida. / While making a marketing mix decision, marketers have a large number of metrics to setting goals and to evaluate the impacts of their marketing activities. This study determines the impact of environmental, firm, and managerial characteristics on metric use in marketing mix decision, based on the Mintz and Currim’s (2013) model. The analysis of 245 marketing-mix activities, which were reported by 163 Brazilian managers, demonstrates that firm strategy, metric orientation, and marketing financial accountability have a stronger impact on marketing and financial metric use than firm and environmental characteristics do. Furthermore, managerial characteristics have a strong impact on financial metric use. These results are different from Mintz and Currim’s findings (2013). The authors indicate firm and environmental characteristics are the most important drivers of marketing and financial metric use. From a theoretical perspective, the findings indicate that agency theory and homophily theory are more useful in explaining the managerial metric use in marketing mix activities than the contingency theory is. The analysis also reveals that marketing metric use is positively associated with marketing-mix performance, but the financial metric use is not. Finally, despite the great pressure for linking marketing-mix activities with financial metrics (SRIVASTAVA; SHERVANI; FAHEY; 1998; MSI, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008), the reported activities indicate not just a limited use of financial metrics such as Payback, Cash Flow, and Internal Rate of Return, but also widespread use of marketing metrics such as Market Share, Customer Satisfaction, and Perceived Quality.

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The dissertation is composed of three empirical research papers analyzing the development on credit derivatives markets in recent years characterized by the global financial crisis in 2007- 2009 and subsequent European sovereign debt crisis. The basic motivation of the thesis is to contribute to the clarification of the turbulent development on credit derivatives markets. The first paper addresses main flaws of a collateralized debt obligation (CDO) market during the global financial crisis. The second paper examines the impact of the Greek debt crisis on sovereign credit default swap (CDS) reliability. The third paper analyzes whether a resulting change in CDS terms restored confidence in CDS contracts. An introductory chapter presents a common framework for the three papers. In the first paper, we examine valuation of a Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO) in 2007- 2009. One Factor Gaussian Copula Model is presented and five hypotheses regarding CDO sensitivity to entry parameters are analyzed. Four main deficiencies of the CDO market are then articulated: i) an insufficient analysis of underlying assets by both investors and rating agencies; ii) investment decisions arising from the valuation model based on expected cash-flows and neglecting other factors such as mark-to-market losses; iii)...