Burraga Swamp is a small enclosed basin at 985 m altitude in Barrington Tops, in the Eastern Highlands of New South Wales, Australia. It lies in the midst of a Nothofagus moorei cool temperate rainforest, which is at its southern limits here. The swamp is close to the boundaries between temperate rainforest, subtropical rainforest, sclerophyll forest and sub-alpine formations and may be a sensitive recorder of past changes in the vegetation. The palynology and the sediments have been studied to a depth of 6.5 metres and were dated with eleven 14C dates. The base of the sediment is about 40,000 years old. The results showed the following: From 40,000-30,000 years BP, Burraga was a lake with a very slow rate of deposition of fine grained sediments and flourishing aquatic/swamp vegetation. The dryland vegetation was an open or sparsely treed grassland/herbfield. From 30,000-21,000 years BP, the dryland vegetation remained much the same, but the aquatic vegetation disappeared. From 21,000-17,000 years BP, sandy sediments were deposited at an accelerated rate in a relatively shallow lake, culminating in a layer of gravelly sand. The vegetation was a treeless grassland between about 21,000 and 15,000 years BP. After 17,000 years BP, the rate of sediment accumulation slowed and after 15,000 years, some mesic elements appeared. Dicksonia antarctica became prominent between about 13,000 and 12,000 years BP and Nothofagus was consistently present after about 11,500 years BP. Peat deposition started about 6,500 years BP. By 6,000 years BP the cool temperate rainforest was fully developed, remaining on the site until the present. These changes suggest that the climate at 40,000 years BP was drier than the present, becoming drier and reaching maximum aridity about 17,000 years BP, when temperatures were also at their lowest. Subsequently, the temperature increased and around 15,000 years BP the climate became wetter. Maximum moistures and temperatures were reached between about 9,000 and 5,000 years BP. The climate then varied until it reached the present. Burraga extends the record of treeless vegetation over most of southeastern Australia, during the last glacial maximum, to more northerly localities than previously known.

The purpose of the study is to identify and quantify the hydrologic and ecologic differences between two adjacent sections of Colt Creek; one section unaltered and one section altered by clearing and drainage. These differences were measured by monitoring water levels, groundcover vegetation in each of the two areas, and monitoring numbers and species of birds utilizing the two areas. Surface water levels were measured in three locations: in the historic Colt Creek flow way, in the ditch draining the creek, and in an adjacent wetland strand. In addition, a shallow monitor well in the creek was used to measure groundwater levels when the creek was dry. The intent of avian monitoring was to use birds as a relatively easily observable surrogate for wildlife habitat utilization in general. Groundcover vegetation species and approximate percent cover data were recorded at several locations in both wetlands. Data collection occurred from January 2010 to January 2011. The results indicate that the hydrology, vegetation, and avian utilization of the two adjacent areas were substantially different. Specifically, the hydroperiod during the monitoring period was seven weeks shorter in duration in the downstream area than in the upstream unaltered area. In addition, the presence of flowing water, i.e., stream flow, through the downstream area was approximately 18 weeks less than the upstream area. Vegetation species composition, diversity, and percent cover also differed in the two areas. A total of 39 groundcover species were identified in the two sites. Seven (7) additional plants were identified to genus. Twenty one species (74.9 %) of all plants identified were common to both areas. Sixteen species (41.0 %) were found only in the unaltered site and 10 species (25.6 %) were found only in the altered site. Species richness was greater in the unaltered site while percent cover was less, i.e., more bare ground / plant litter. Relative percent cover by wetland species in the unaltered site was 11.8 percent greater than in the altered site. Finally, avian utilization was greater in the altered area, as 484 individual birds and 27 species were identified in the altered site compared to 138 individual birds and 13 different species identified in the unaltered area.

Results from archaeological survey provide new insights into the origins of variation among the prehistoric Native American societies that occupied the Chickasawhatchee Swamp of southwestern Georgia. Through macroregional comparison, these insights are broadly applicable to the Eastern Woodlands societies that existed across the southeastern U.S. between A.D. 150 and 1600. Theoretical frameworks concerning landscape ecology, inter-regional exchange, and agency and structure provide the organizing structure for a multi-scalar view of change that contradicts earlier models.Within the Chickasawhatchee Swamp, survey, mapping, and excavation data present a complex regional settlement system. Within the swamp, a few large settlements were occupied for the long-term, in spite of the absence of monumental architecture. Smaller surrounding sites were periodically abandoned. At the swamp's edge, several subregions were organized around civic-ceremonial mound sites. At these edges, mound sites and surrounding subregions were abandoned simultaneously. Instead of being driven by changes in political complexity, residential mobility cycles were consistent through time and related to the region's heterogeneous landscape.Macroregional spatial data comparing mound locations through time support data from the Chickasawhatchee Swamp and confirm hypotheses relating mound construction and transitional landscapes. New data emphasize continuity in inter-regional exchange networks and contradict earlier views in which the emergence of hierarchical political structures were a transformational process that fundamentally altered Eastern Woodlands political economies. Temporal continuity and spatial variation are instead most evident.

Thesis (MFA)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 22).

A Área de Proteção Ambiental do Banhado Grande na Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Gravataí, inserida na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, abriga uma extensa Área Úmida em sua porção central. A partir de técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto e Geoprocessamento para a análise das variáveis físicas como, geologia, cota altimétrica, pedologia e índices de vegetação como o NDVI e o NDWI, foi possível classificar compartimentos de Unidades de Paisagem associados às Áreas Úmidas em: Unidade de Paisagem Turfeira e Unidade de Paisagem / Planície de Inundação. A delimitação destas áreas, visa o planejamento do uso racional destes ambientes para a sua manutenção e preservação. No início da década de 1970, um trecho do rio Gravataí foi canalizado, com objetivo de drenar as Áreas Úmidas e viabilizar a expansão das áreas de cultivo do arroz, esta intervenção ocasionou um processo erosivo em forma de voçoroca no Banhado Grande, no município de Glorinha. A partir de uma série temporal de imagens satelitais foi possível mapear e quantificar a evolução do processo erosivo da voçoroca entre os anos de 2003 a 2015. Os resultados do mapeamento mostraram um aumento de quatro vezes na área da voçoroca de 2909,62 m² em 2003 para 12097,70 m² em 2015. No mapeamento da voçoroca e no monitoramento dos processos erosivos no banhado foram o uso das técnicas como: a) monitoramento por estaqueamento; b) mapeamento por imagens de satélite; b) mapeamento por varredura de Laser Scanner Terrestre. O Laser Scanner Terrestre mostrou-se uma ferramenta potencial para o mapeamento da voçoroca em virtude de sua alta precisão e rapidez na coleta de dados no campo, gerando modelos digitais de elevação com alta precisão. O uso do modelo permitiu identificar áreas de erosão deposição e de sedimentos, a partir do perfil topográfico. É necessário o monitoramento contínuo do processo erosivo na área do Banhado Grande, combinando métodos para modelar a sua dinâmica. Essas ferramentas de apoio são fundamentais para a elaboração do Plano de Manejo e estudos que visam a restauração das Áreas Úmidas do rio Gravataí. / The Banhado Grande Environmental Protected Area in the Gravataí river basin, located in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, has an extensive wetland area in its central portion. From remote sensing and geoprocessing techniques for the analysis of physical variables such as geology, topography, pedology and vegetation indices such as NDVI and NDWI, it was possible to classify compartments of Landscape Units associated to Wetlands in: Peat Landscape Unit and Landscape Unit / Flood Plain. The delimitation of these areas, aims at planning the rational use of these environments for their maintenance and preservation. In the beginning of the 1970s, a section of the Gravataí river was channeled, with the objective of draining the wetlands and making possible the expansion of rice cultivation areas, this intervention caused an erosive process in the form of gully in Banhado Grande, in the municipality of Glorinha. From a time series of satellite images, it was possible to map and quantify the evolution of the erosion process of the voçoroca between the years 2003 to 2015. The results of the mapping showed a significant increase in the gully of 2909.62 m² in 2003 to 12097.70 m² in 2015. In the mapping of gully and in the monitoring of the erosive processes in the swamp, were used techniques such as: a) stacking monitoring; b) mapping by satellite images; b) scanning mapping of terrestrial Laser Scanner. The terrestrial Laser Scanner has proved to be a potential tool for the mapping of the gully because of its high precision and rapid data collection in the field, generating digital elevation models with high precision. The use of the model allowed identifying areas of erosion deposition and sediment from the topographic profile. It is necessary, however, to choose suitable techniques for the continuous monitoring of the erosive process in the area of the Grande Banhado, combining methods to model the dynamics. These support tools are fundamental for the elaboration of the Management Plan and studies that aim at the restoration of the wetlands of the Gravataí river flood plain.

The aim of this thesis was to determine effect of drainage, restoration and addition of mineral and organic nitrogen to spruce swamp forest soil on potential methane production and oxidation. Six study sites (2 pristine, 2 drained and 2 restored) were located in Šumava National Park in the Czech Republic.

A Área de Proteção Ambiental do Banhado Grande na Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Gravataí, inserida na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, abriga uma extensa Área Úmida em sua porção central. A partir de técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto e Geoprocessamento para a análise das variáveis físicas como, geologia, cota altimétrica, pedologia e índices de vegetação como o NDVI e o NDWI, foi possível classificar compartimentos de Unidades de Paisagem associados às Áreas Úmidas em: Unidade de Paisagem Turfeira e Unidade de Paisagem / Planície de Inundação. A delimitação destas áreas, visa o planejamento do uso racional destes ambientes para a sua manutenção e preservação. No início da década de 1970, um trecho do rio Gravataí foi canalizado, com objetivo de drenar as Áreas Úmidas e viabilizar a expansão das áreas de cultivo do arroz, esta intervenção ocasionou um processo erosivo em forma de voçoroca no Banhado Grande, no município de Glorinha. A partir de uma série temporal de imagens satelitais foi possível mapear e quantificar a evolução do processo erosivo da voçoroca entre os anos de 2003 a 2015. Os resultados do mapeamento mostraram um aumento de quatro vezes na área da voçoroca de 2909,62 m² em 2003 para 12097,70 m² em 2015. No mapeamento da voçoroca e no monitoramento dos processos erosivos no banhado foram o uso das técnicas como: a) monitoramento por estaqueamento; b) mapeamento por imagens de satélite; b) mapeamento por varredura de Laser Scanner Terrestre. O Laser Scanner Terrestre mostrou-se uma ferramenta potencial para o mapeamento da voçoroca em virtude de sua alta precisão e rapidez na coleta de dados no campo, gerando modelos digitais de elevação com alta precisão. O uso do modelo permitiu identificar áreas de erosão deposição e de sedimentos, a partir do perfil topográfico. É necessário o monitoramento contínuo do processo erosivo na área do Banhado Grande, combinando métodos para modelar a sua dinâmica. Essas ferramentas de apoio são fundamentais para a elaboração do Plano de Manejo e estudos que visam a restauração das Áreas Úmidas do rio Gravataí. / The Banhado Grande Environmental Protected Area in the Gravataí river basin, located in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, has an extensive wetland area in its central portion. From remote sensing and geoprocessing techniques for the analysis of physical variables such as geology, topography, pedology and vegetation indices such as NDVI and NDWI, it was possible to classify compartments of Landscape Units associated to Wetlands in: Peat Landscape Unit and Landscape Unit / Flood Plain. The delimitation of these areas, aims at planning the rational use of these environments for their maintenance and preservation. In the beginning of the 1970s, a section of the Gravataí river was channeled, with the objective of draining the wetlands and making possible the expansion of rice cultivation areas, this intervention caused an erosive process in the form of gully in Banhado Grande, in the municipality of Glorinha. From a time series of satellite images, it was possible to map and quantify the evolution of the erosion process of the voçoroca between the years 2003 to 2015. The results of the mapping showed a significant increase in the gully of 2909.62 m² in 2003 to 12097.70 m² in 2015. In the mapping of gully and in the monitoring of the erosive processes in the swamp, were used techniques such as: a) stacking monitoring; b) mapping by satellite images; b) scanning mapping of terrestrial Laser Scanner. The terrestrial Laser Scanner has proved to be a potential tool for the mapping of the gully because of its high precision and rapid data collection in the field, generating digital elevation models with high precision. The use of the model allowed identifying areas of erosion deposition and sediment from the topographic profile. It is necessary, however, to choose suitable techniques for the continuous monitoring of the erosive process in the area of the Grande Banhado, combining methods to model the dynamics. These support tools are fundamental for the elaboration of the Management Plan and studies that aim at the restoration of the wetlands of the Gravataí river flood plain.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Ney Robinson Salvi dos Reis.pdf: 26690699 bytes, checksum: a34ecb3a7cd058e2bb36dba626e7f4f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The intense search for new energy sources, as well as for the general availability and efficient use of those already existing, demands creative and rational answers to this difficult equation. In Brazil, Nature has been generous and furnished many options that are being gradually discovered, developed and made accessible to domestic and industrial uses. Society, Government, industry and academia join forces to go beyond the limits of current technologies in order to establish new relationships in the medium and long term. The natural gas and light oil 1970s and 1980s discoveries in the rainforest-covered Solimões sedimentary basin (Juruá and Urucu fields) raise the following question: how to make such a noble natural resource available to consumer centers, in an efficiently and economically sustainable fashion, ensuring the reliability and safety of operations and industrial facilities located in flooded areas with dense vegetation, under inhospitable conditions and in places very difficult to access? The construction of a complex pipeline network was the solution found suitable for transporting the natural gas and light oil produced in Urucu. These products present undeniable advantages if compared to diesel, currently used as the basis of the energy matrix in Manaus metropolitan region and its surroundings. As a result, another question emerges: how to operate, maintain and monitor areas under the influence of this infrastructure that stretches for 800 km along one of the fastestgrowing regions of Brazil in recent decades? These questions bring opportunities for discussions embracing the technological basis of the present academic work, which intends to examine the feasibility of a new locomotion concept for people, equipment and goods. A vehicle with environmental emphasis placed as part of its very first specifications, specially designed for inundated scenarios in Amazonia. Such a concept could help decision makers to plan operational activities by providing mobility and accessibility into sensitive areas of Amazonian floodplains. In addition, we expect that this innovative technology will benefit similar areas in Brazil, such as the flooded native pastures of the Pantanal of Mato Grosso state, which is difficult (or even impossible) to access using the conventional means of locomotion available today. / A busca cada vez mais intensa por novas fontes de energia, bem como a disponibilização e uso eficiente daquelas já existentes, faz com que a sociedade busque racionalizar esta difícil equação. No Brasil, a natureza foi generosa e nos deu muitas opções, que precisam e estão sendo paulatinamente descobertas, desenvolvidas e tornando-se acessíveis ao conjunto doméstico e industrial. Sociedade, governo, indústria e academia unem esforços para ir além das fontes e tecnologias correlatas já mapeadas, com o intuito de buscar novas relações de compromisso, numa visão de médio e longo prazo. As jazidas de gás natural e óleo leve descobertas no interior da Floresta Amazônica nas décadas de 70 e 80 trazem uma questão: como colocar tão nobre recurso natural à disposição dos centros consumidores de modo eficiente, econômico e sustentável, garantindo, ao mesmo tempo a confiabilidade e segurança das operações e instalações industriais necessariamente situadas em áreas alagadas de vegetação densa? A construção de uma complexa malha de dutos foi a solução indicada para transportar o gás natural produzido no município de Urucu-AM que apresenta inegáveis vantagens se comparado ao diesel, atualmente usado como base da matriz energética da cidade de Manaus e seu entorno. Diante disso, outra questão emerge: como operar, manter e monitorar ambientalmente as faixas de influências desta malha que atualmente conta com 800 km de dutos, mas que tende a se expandir junto com uma das regiões que mais tem crescido no Brasil nas últimas décadas? Tais questionamentos incitam oportunidades de desenvolvimentos tecnológicos, discussão da presente dissertação, qual seja, examinar e propor um novo conceito de locomoção (de pessoas, equipamentos e mercadorias), em locais de dificílimo acesso e condições inóspitas. Um veículo com ênfase ambiental que, desde as primeiras especificações, seja concebido para tais cenários e propicie aos responsáveis mantenedores de tal empreendimento condições de mobilidade e acessibilidade sustentáveis em regiões sensíveis da várzea amazônica. Por extensão, acreditamos que terrenos com condições de mobilidade similares também poderão se beneficiar desse estudo, tais como áreas alagadas e alagáveis do Pantanal do Centro-Oeste brasileiro, todas de difícil (e até impossível) acesso, se considerados os meios convencionais de locomoção disponíveis atualmente.

This study investigates patterns and processes in transformed and uncultivated Peat Swamp Forests (PSF) situated within the Kosi Bay Lake System Catchment (KBLSC) in north-eastern Maputaland, South Africa. Phytosociological investigations were performed to identify and describe the influence of recorded environmental factors and land use cultivation practices on PSF vegetation patterns (gradients and associations). PSF habitat were grouped into four mutually exclusive classes in the form of pristine, long-time recovering, recently disturbed and active gardening sites. Plant species were recorded separately in different forest strata, while peat profiles were sampled and described in selected Peat Swamp Forest valley bottom crosssections during fieldwork surveys in May and September of 2003. Multivariate analysis in the form of Agglomerative cluster analysis, Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations, and Indicator species analysis were used to identify and describe 5 Peat Swamp Forest communities associated with uncultivated and long-time recovering conditions (38 sampling plots), while 9 PSF communities were identified and described from the combined (four) PSF classes (65 sampling plots). Peat Swamp Forests were associated with channeled valley bottom and hillslope seepage inter– dune landscape settings that are connected to other watercourses within the Kosi Bay Lake System Catchment. The study found that Peat Swamp Forests are consistent with the definition of a phreatic (groundwater dependant) ecosystem, as they displayed indicators of prolonged groundwater-derived saturation, including peat development on slopes located above the active channel. Cultivation practices modified the structure and species composition of PSF, while their recovery after gardening abandonment appeared to be related to the wetness regime and the remaining peat body. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Plant Science / unrestricted

Swamp-breeding treefrogs form conspicuous components of many tropical forest sites, yet remain largely understudied. The La Selva Biological Station, a rainforest reserve in Costa Rica, harbors a rich swamp-breeding treefrog fauna that has been studied in only one of the many swamps found at the site. To understand if the species composition of treefrogs at La Selva varies over space or time, frogs were censused in 1982-83, 1994-95, 2005 and 2011 at two ponds located in the reserve. Data on treefrog habitat utilization were also collected. Species composition varied spatially only in 2011. Temporal variation was observed at both ponds for all groups tested. Habitat use varied among species and between swamps. The pattern of variation suggests that temporally dynamic systems such as temporary Neotropical forest swamps will converge and diverge in species composition over time.