Diploma thesis deals with the analysis of saccharides and markers of biomass and wood combustion in atmospheric aerosol, PM2,5. Theoretic part is focused on general characterisation of atmospheric aerosols and on the properties, sources and analysis methods of selected analysed organic compounds. The experimental part is focused on the optimization of method for simultaneous analysis of saccharides and tracers from biomass and wood combustion. Optimization of method includes selection of solvent for the extraction of compounds and optimization of derivatization process and GC/MS analysis. The optimized method was then applied for the analysis of selected compounds in real aerosol samples in the size fraction PM2.5. The concentrations of analysed compounds were compared in term of sampling seasons.

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Diploma thesis is focused on chemical characteristics of nine selected sweet cherry varieties in nine parameters. Total and soluble solids were analyzed with these results 13.07–16.58 % for total and 14.67–19.50 °Brix for soluble solids, ash content 0,31–0,39 %, titratable acidity 5.44–9.91 g of malic acid per 1 kg of fresh cherries and formol number 14.45–23.73 ml of 0.1 M NaOH per 100 g of cherries. Then there were analyzed crude proteins content calculated from total nitrogen content determined by Kjeldahl method with results 0.41–0.68 % of crude proteins. Molecular absorption UV/VIS spectrophotometry was used for determination of total phenolic substances 0.30–0.89 g of gallic acid per 1 kg of cherries and total content of anthocyanins 128–848 mg of cyanidine-3-glucoside in 1 kg of cherries. Saccharides were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ELSD detector. Content of glucose was 45.45–59.49 g/kg and fructose 46.88–60.01 g/kg. All results are compiled using tables and graphs and discussed. Experimental part of the thesis also describes principles and procedures of every analysis, so it can be reproduced. In theoretical part there is described botanical characteristic of cherry tree (Prunus avium L.), active substances contained in its fruits and their use in food industry. At the end of the theoretical part there is described instrumentation of high-performance liquid chromatography.

This diploma thesis deals with determination of carbohydrates in wine. Theoretical part attends to production of wine from grape to treatment and training of wine. It refers saccharides in wine, especially glucose and fructose. The study provides an overview of the available sources concerning the possibilities of determination of carbohydrates in wine by chromatographic methods and Skalar automated chemistry analyser. The study shortly refers simple analytical methods for determination of wine saccharides. The experimental part based on this search deals with analysis of saccharides by high performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detector and UV detector on aminoalkyl column and determination of reducting sugars by Skalar automated chemistry analyser. Finally, the results of these methods were compared.

This thesis deals with still less expolited species of small fruit, evaluation of its physical and chemical parameters and proposal of a new soft drink from one of the studied species of furit. Firstly, for the characterisation of basic nutrition parameters (dry matter, content of organic acids and saccharides) and biologicaly active substances (vitamin C, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds) suitable titration, spectrophotometric, chromatographic and electrophoretic methods were chosen, optimized and validated. The sample preparation procedure was optimized as well. For three years (2010–2012) the content of listed parameters was monitored in some cultivars of five species of small fruit: in seven cultivars of sea buckthorn, in ten cultivars of cornelian cherry, in twelve cultivars of rowanberry, in two cultivars of chokeberry and in seventeen cultivars of elderberry. By means of Duncan’s test, analysis of principal components (PCA) and cluster analysis (CLU) the main differences between studied cultivars were observed mainly in sea buckthorn and rowanberry, where single cultivars were easily distinguishable from others on the basis of genetic origin. On the basis of comparison of determined parameters in studied species of fruit and with collaboration with fruit processing company the suitable species of fruit for commercial utilization was chosen – elderberry, as a important source of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds. A new soft drink as a proposal of utilization of this fruit was created – fruit juice or nectar with portion of elderberry juice. Mixed juices and nectars with various composition were prepared from elderberry and grape juice and the sensory analysis of these drinks was performed. The best evaluated were 100% fruit juices prepared with 30–50% portion of elderberry juice. The composition was jurally protected. On the basis of this protection the product consisted from 100% fruit juice with 10% of elderberry component mixed with apple and grape juice was introduced to the market by the fruit processing company.

Les particules en suspension dans l’air (notées « PM » pour « Particulate matter ») sont aujourd’hui au cœur des préoccupations sociétales en raison de leur impact majeur sur la santé publique et leur forte participation au changement climatique. La matière organique (MO) représente généralement la première composante en masse des PM mais reste encore très mal appréhendée, en particulier la fraction organique d’origine biogénique primaire (PBOA). Des sucres primaires sont proposés comme des traceurs moléculaires pour étudier les processus de transport atmosphérique ainsi que pour estimer la contribution des PBOAs à la masse totale des PM. Cependant, les connaissances sont encore très limitées sur leurs distributions spatiales et temporelles (i.e., cycles journaliers, saisonniers et annuels), leurs principales sources d’émissions, ou encore les facteurs environnementaux qui déterminent leurs concentrations atmosphériques. Par ailleurs, si la comprehension du potentiel oxydant (PO) —proxy de l’effet sanitaire des PM— inhérent à la composante chimique des aérosols a relativement bien avancé ces dernières années, la contribution de cette fraction PBOA est encore est très mal connue. Ces différents aspects constituent les objectifs de ce travail de thèse. D’un point de vue méthodologique, nos questions ont été abordées par une approche interdisciplinaire, qui a impliquée l’exploitation statistique d’une large base de données et le couplage de campagnes de terrain spécifiques avec la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie expérimentale novatrice développée pour l’étude simultanée des caractéristiques chimiques et microbiologiques des échantillons prélevés.Dans un premier travail basé sur l’exploitation d’une large base de données, nous avons montré que les PBOAs constituent une fraction très importante des PM en France, independamment de la typologie de l’environnement, contribuant en moyenne annuelle à 13 ± 4 % de la MO dans les PM10. On met en évidence une similitude entre les évolutions temporelles de concentrations et de ratios entre sucres primaires pour des sites localisés dans une même région géographique (jusqu’à une distance inter-sites d’environ 200 km). Ces observations indiquent que la source PBOA est très homogène spatialement sur des distances cohérentes avec celle de grands types d'écosystèmes. Cette observation a ensuite été validée par une expérimentation basée sur deux échantillonnages annuels de terrain qui nous a permis de démontrer (i) que les évolutions journalières des concentrations atmosphériques en sucres primaires sont déterminées par seulement quelques taxons microbiens atmosphériques, variables d’un point de vue regionale ; et (ii) que ces taxons proviennent respectivement de la flore locale et régionale pour les sites d’étude qui sont directement influencés et non par les activités agricoles. Enfin, dans le cadre d’étude de PO, nos résultats ont permis de démontrer (i) que tous les bioaérosols modèles testés possèdent un PO intrinsèque significatif, comparable pour certaines espèces à celui de composants chimiques atmosphériques modèles connus pour leur forte reactivité redox ; et (ii) qu’ils sont capables d’influencer significativement le PO des PM chimiques modèles ou collectées en condition réelle.Ces travaux apportent un nouveau regard sur l’importance massique des PBOAs et des nouvelles connaissances sur les sources et processus dominants conduisant à leur introduction dans l’atmosphère, ainsi que l’influence des facteurs environnementaux sur ces processus. L’ensemble des résultats de ce travail plaide pour une prise en compte systematique des PBOAs dans les modèles de chimie atmosphérique pour une meilleure prédiction de la qualité de l’air. / Airborne particles (called « PM » for Particulate matter") are nowadays at the core of societal concerns because of their major impact on public health and their strong participation in climate change. Organic matter (OM) generally represents the first mass component of PM but it is still poorly understood, in particular the organic fraction from primary biogenic origin (PBOA). Some specific primary sugars are proposed as molecular tracers to study the atmospheric transport processes as well as to estimate the contribution of PBOAs to the total mass of PM. However, knowledge is still very limited about their spatial and temporal distributions (i.e., daily, seasonal and annual cycles), their main emission sources, or the environmental factors that drive their atmospheric concentrations. Moreover, although the understanding of the oxidative potential (OP) —a proxy of the health effect of PM— inherent in the chemical component of aerosols has progressed quite well in recent years, the contribution of this PBOA fraction is still very poorly understood. These aspects constitute the main objectives of this thesis work. From a methodological point of view, our questions were addressed by an interdisciplinary approach, which involved the statistical exploitation of a large database and the coupling of specific field campaigns with the implementation of an innovative experimental strategy developed for the simultaneous study of the chemical and microbiological characteristics of the samples collected.In a first work based on the exploitation of a large database, we showed that PBOAs constitute a very important fraction of PM in France, regardless of the typology of the environment, contributing on average to 13 ± 4% of the annual MO in PM10. We observed a synchronous temporal trends in both concentrations and ratios between primary sugars species for sites located in the same geographical region (up to an inter-site distance of about 200 km). These observations indicate that the PBOA source is very spatially homogeneous over distances consistent with those of large ecosystem types. This observation was then validated by an experimental approach based on two annual field sampling studies that allowed us to demonstrate (i) that daily changes in atmospheric concentrations of primary sugars are drived by only a few regionally variable atmospheric microbial taxa; and (ii) that these taxa come from local and regional flora for study sites that are directly influenced and not by agricultural activities, respectively. Finally, in the framework of the OP study, our results demonstrated (i) that all the tested model bioaerosols have a significant intrinsic OP, which is comparable for some species to the model atmospheric chemical components known for their high redox reactivity; and (ii) that they can significantly influence the OP of chemical PM models or sampled under real ambient conditions.This work provides a different look into the mass importance of PBOAs and new insights into the dominant sources and processes leading to their introduction into the atmosphere, as well as the influence of environmental factors on these processes. Alltogether these results argue for a systematic consideration of PBOAs in atmospheric chemistry models for better prediction of air quality.