A dietary supplement is a product that contains nutrients (e.g. vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids or fatty acids) intended to supplement the diet. The aim of the diploma thesis was to suggest a prescription for preparation of three types of dietary supplements which are used to reduce of climacteric symptoms, their production and determination of energetic (nutrition) value on account of detected content of proteins, fats and saccharides in dietary supplements. A part of the diploma thesis was to suggest suitable wrapping and price of prepared dietary supplements. The three dietary supplements were used for analyses, namely capsules, herb syrup and herb drops. The content of proteins was determined by Kjeldahl´s method, total fats were determined by Soxhlet extraction and saccharides were determined by titration with potassium permanganate (Bertrand´s method). Dietary supplements in form of capsules were particular analysed on content of heavy metals (lead, cadmium and arsenal). In herbal drops was in addition determined alcohol content (ethanol). There was from the measured data found out, dietary supplement in form of capsules was chosen as the product with the lowest energetic (nutrition) value.

The aim of this thesis was to design a recipe for the dietary supplements with adaptogenic effects, production, and subsequent analysis (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates), which led to the determination of the energetic value of preparation. Adaptogenic effects are the domain of plants and fungi, known as adaptogens. Adaptogens act non-specifically to the human body - improve the overall condition of the body, accelerate healing and regenerative processes, slow degenerative processes in the body and thus the aging process. As biogenic active stimulators, they affect not only in the physical but also in mental area. Dietary supplements have been designed in three different forms - capsules, syrup, drops. The analysis was also performed in tablets of Vietnamese origin supplied by supervizor, of which entry to our market is being considered. Protein content was determined by Kjeldahl method, lipids by Soxhlet extraction, saccharides by gravimetric method. Dietary supplements were analyzed for heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg), and in herbal drops ethanol content was determined.

No description available.

<p align="justify">The Southern Ocean (ca. 20% of the world ocean surface) is a key place for the regulation of Earth climate thanks to its capacity to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) by physico-chemical and biological mechanisms. The biological carbon pump is a major pathway of absorption of CO2 through which the CO2 incorporated into autotrophic microorganisms in surface waters is transferred to deep waters. This process is influenced by the extent of the primary production and by the intensity of the remineralization of organic matter along the water column. So, the annual cycle of sea ice, through its in situ production and remineralization processes but also, through the release of microorganisms, organic and inorganic nutrients (in particular iron)into the ocean has an impact on the carbon cycle of the Southern Ocean, notably by promoting the initiation of phytoplanktonic blooms at time of ice melting.</p><p><p align="justify">The present work focussed on the distribution of organic matter (OM) and its interactions with the microbial network (algae, bacteria and protozoa) in sea ice and ocean, with a special attention to the factors which regulate the biological carbon pump of the Southern Ocean. This thesis gathers data collected from a) late winter to summer in the Western Pacific sector, Western Weddell Sea and Bellingshausen Sea during three sea ice cruises ARISE, ISPOL-drifting station and SIMBA-drifting station and b) summer in the Sub-Antarctic and Polar Front Zone during the oceanographic cruise SAZ-Sense.</p><p><p align="justify">The sea ice covers were typical of first-year pack ice with thickness ranging between 0.3 and 1.2 m, and composed of granular and columnar ice. Sea ice temperature ranging between -8.9°C and -0.4°C, brines volume ranging between 2.9 to 28.2% and brines salinity from 10 to >100 were observed. These extreme physicochemical factors experienced by the microorganisms trapped into the semi-solid sea ice matrix therefore constitute an extreme change as compared to the open ocean. Sea ice algae were mainly composed of diatoms but autotrophic flagellates (such as dinoflagellates or Phaeocystis sp.) were also typically found in surface ice layers. Maximal algal biomass was usually observed in the bottom ice layers except during SIMBA where the maxima was localised in the top ice layers likely because of the snow and ice thickness which limit the light available in the ice cover. During early spring, the algal growth was controlled by the space availability (i.e. brine volume) while in spring/summer (ISPOL, SIMBA) the major nutrients availability inside sea ice may have controlled algal growth. At all seasons, high concentrations of dissolved and particulate organic matter were measured in sea ice as compared to the water column. Dissolved monomers (saccharides and amino acids) were accumulated in sea ice, in particular in winter. During spring and summer, polysaccharides constitute the main fraction of the dissolved saccharides pool. High concentrations of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP), mainly constituted with saccharides, were present and their gel properties greatly influence the internal habitat of sea ice, by retaining the nutrients and by preventing the protozoa grazing pressure, inducing therefore an algal accumulation. The composition as well as the vertical distribution of OM in sea ice was linked to sea ice algae.</p><p><p align="justify">Besides, the distribution of microorganisms and organic compounds in the sea ice was also greatly influenced by the thermodynamics of the sea ice cover, as evidenced during a melting period for ISPOL and during a floodfreeze cycle for SIMBA. The bacteria distribution in the sea ice was not correlated with those of algae and organic matter. Indeed, the utilization of the accumulated organic matter by bacteria seemed to be limited by an external factor such as temperature, salinity or toxins rather than by the nature of the organic substrates, which are partly composed of labile monomeric saccharides. Thus the disconnection of the microbial loop leading to the OM accumulation was highlighted in sea ice.</p><p><p align="justify">In addition the biofilm formed by TEP was also involved in the retention of cells and other compounds(DOM, POM, and inorganic nutrients such as phosphate and iron) to the brine channels walls and thus in the timing of release of ice constituents when ice melts. The sequence of release in marginal ice zone, as studied in a microcosm experiments realized in controlled and trace-metal clean conditions, was likely favourable to the development of blooms in the marginal ice zone. Moreover microorganisms derived from sea ice (mainly <10 µm) seems able to thrive and grow in the water column as also the supply of organic nutrients and Fe seems to benefit to the pelagic microbial community.</p><p><p align="justify">Finally, the influence of the remineralization of organic matter by heterotrophic bacterioplankton on carbon export and biological carbon pump efficiency was investigated in the epipelagic (0-100 m) and mesopelagic(100-700 m) zones during the summer in the sub-Antarctic and Polar Front zones (SAZ and PFZ) of the Australian sector (Southern Ocean). Opposite to sea ice, bacterial biomass and activities followed Chl a and organic matter distributions. Bacterial abundance, biomass and activities drastically decreased below depths of 100-200 m. Nevertheless, depth-integrated rates through the thickness of the different water masses showed that the mesopelagic contribution of bacteria represents a non-negligible fraction, in particular in a diatom-dominated system./</p><p><br><p><p align="justify">L’océan Antarctique (± 20% de la surface totale des océans) est un endroit essentiel pour la régulation du climat de notre planète grâce à sa capacité d’absorber le dioxyde de carbone (CO2) atmosphérique par des mécanismes physico-chimique et biologique. La pompe biologique à carbone est un processus majeur de fixation de CO2 par les organismes autotrophes à la surface de l’océan et de transfert de carbone organique vers le fond de l’océan. Ce processus est influencé par l’importance de la production primaire ainsi que par l’intensité de la reminéralisation de la matière organique dans la colonne d’eau. Ainsi, le cycle annuel de la glace via sa production/reminéralisation in situ mais aussi via l’ensemencement de l’océan avec des microorganismes et des nutriments organiques et inorganiques (en particulier le fer) a un impact sur le cycle du carbone dans l’Océan Antarctique, notamment en favorisant l’initiation d’efflorescences phytoplanctoniques dans la zone marginale de glace.</p><p><p align="justify">Plus précisément, nous avons étudié les interactions entre le réseau microbien (algues, bactéries et protozoaires) et la matière organique dans le but d’évaluer leurs impacts potentiels sur la pompe biologique de carbone dans l’Océan Austral. Deux écosystèmes différents ont été étudiés :la glace de mer et le milieu océanique grâce à des échantillons prélevés lors des campagnes de glace ARISE, ISPOL et SIMBA et lors de la campagne océanographique SAZ-Sense, couvrant une période allant de la fin de l’hiver à l’été.</p><p><p align="justify">La glace de mer est un environnement très particulier dans lequel les microorganismes planctoniques se trouvent piégés lors de la formation de la banquise et dans lesquels ils subissent des conditions extrêmes de température et de salinité, notamment. Les banquises en océan ouvert étudiées (0,3 à 1,2 m d’épaisseur, températures de -8.9°C à -0.4°C, volumes relatifs de saumure de 2.9 à 28.2% et salinités de saumures entre 10 et jusque >100) étaient composées de glace columnaire et granulaire. Les algues de glace étaient principalement des diatomées mais des flagellés autotrophes (tels que des dinoflagellés ou Phaeocystis sp.) ont été typiquement observés dans les couches de glace de surface. Les biomasses algales maximales se trouvaient généralement dans la couche de glace de fond sauf à SIMBA où les maxima se trouvaient en surface, probablement en raison de l’épaisseur des couches de neige et de glace, limitant la lumière disponible dans la colonne de glace. Au début du printemps, la croissance algale était contrôlée par l’espace disponible (càd le volume des saumures) tandis qu’au printemps/été, la disponibilité en nutriments majeurs a pu la contrôler. A toutes les saisons, des concentrations élevées en matière organique (MO) dissoute et particulaire on été mesurées dans la glace de mer par rapport à l’océan. Des monomères dissous (sucres et acides aminés) étaient accumulés dans la glace, surtout en hiver. Au printemps et été, les polysaccharides dissous dominaient le réservoir de sucres. La MO était présente sous forme de TEP qui par leurs propriétés de gel modifie l’habitat interne de la glace. Ce biofilm retient les nutriments et gêne le mouvement des microorganismes. La composition et la distribution de la MO dans la glace étaient en partie reliées aux algues de glace. De plus, la thermodynamique de la couverture de glace peut contrôler la distribution des microorganismes et de la MO, comme observé lors de la fonte de la glace à ISPOL et lors du refroidissement de la banquise à SIMBA. La distribution des bactéries n’est pas corrélée avec celle des algues et de la MO dans la glace. En effet, la consommation de la MO par les bactéries semble être limitée non pas par la nature chimique des substrats mais par un facteur extérieur affectant le métabolisme bactérien tel que la température, la salinité ou une toxine. Le dysfonctionnement de la boucle microbienne menant à l’accumulation de la MO dans la glace a donc été mis en évidence dans nos échantillons.</p><p><p align="justify">De plus, le biofilm formé par les TEP est aussi impliquée dans l’attachement des cellules et autres composés aux parois des canaux de saumure et donc dans la séquence de largage lors de la fonte. Cette séquence semble propice au développement d’efflorescences phytoplanctoniques dans la zone marginale de glace. Les microorganismes originaires de la glace (surtout ceux de taille < 10 μm) semblent capables de croître dans la colonne d’eau et l’apport en nutriments organiques et inorganiques apparaît favorable à la croissance des microorganismes pélagiques.</p><p><p align="justify">Enfin, l’influence des activités hétérotrophes sur l’export de carbone et l’efficacité de la pompe biologique à carbone a été évaluée dans la couche de surface (0-100 m) et mésopélagique (100-700 m) de l’océan. Au contraire de la glace, les biomasses et activités bactériennes suivaient les distributions de la chlorophyll a et de la MO. Elles diminuent fortement en dessous de 100-200 m, néanmoins les valeurs intégrées sur la hauteur de la colonne d’eau indiquent que la reminéralisation de la MO par les bactéries dans la zone mésopélagique est loin d’être négligeable, spécialement dans une région dominée par les diatomées.</p> / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

A presente dissertação de mestrado propõe o estudo da hidrólise catalítica de proteínas utilizando resina de troca catiônica, para separação e análise seqüencial de aminoácidos, ácidos graxos e sacarídeos presentes em aveia, trigo e castanha-do-pará via eletroforese capilar. Os processos de hidrólise comumente utilizados para proteínas destroem alguns aminoácidos, como a rota em meio ácido (asparagina, glutamina, triptofano tirosina, serina e treonina) e em meio básico (serina, treonina, arginina e cisteína). O processo de hidrólise de proteínas utilizando-se uma resina de troca catiônica gera um substrato livre de interferentes, pois a fração peptídica é retida na resina e pode ser isolada da matriz. Em adição, a análise dos ácidos graxos e sacarídeos é facilitada, porque adsorção de proteínas na superfície do capilar é um sério problema em eletroforese capilar. Após a hidrólise e análise dos aminoácidos, seqüencialmente foi feita uma extração líquido/líquido no filtrado, sendo a fase orgânica saponificada e posterior análise dos ácidos graxos e, a fase aquosa hidrolisada em meio ácido e posterior análise dos monossacarídeos. Duas resinas foram estudadas, sendo que a Dowex 50WX8-200 da Sigma- Aldrich (St. Louis, EUA) apresentou resultados mais satisfatórios, atingindo níveis de recuperação entre 90,6 e 96,8%. O monitoramento da hidrólise ocorreu registrando-se eletroferogramas de aminoácidos em função do tempo sob três formas: detecção direta de fenilalanina na forma aniônica, detecção direta de histidina na forma catiônica e detecção indireta dos aminoácidos na forma aniônica. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as três formas condizem, podendo-se monitorar a hidrólise por qualquer uma. Estes resultados também concordam com o teor de proteína total obtido pelo método de Kjedahl. Modelos matemáticos que descrevem o comportamento da hidrólise foram descritos, utilizando-se do software Curve Expert 1.3. Para os ácidos graxos, obteve-se êxito somente para a castanha-do-pará, 52,1% de teor de ácidos graxos. Para os monossacarídeos os valores obtidos foram: 12,6% na castanha-do-Pará, 26,5% na aveia e 39,0% no trigo. / In this work, a procedure for hydrolysis of proteins assisted by the protonated form of a strong cation exchanger resin and sequencial analysis of amino acids, fatty acids and saccharides by capillary electrophoresis were studied. Brazilian nut, wheat and oat were characterized by the proposed procedure. The hydrolysis process normaly used for proteins destroys some amino acids, e.g. in the acid hydrolysis (asparagine, glutamine, tryptophan, tyrosine, serine and threonine) and basic hydrolysis (serine, threonine, arginine and cysteine). The catalytic hydrolysis by a protonated cation exchanger produces a clean substract, the amino acids are retained in the resin and can be isolated from the matrix. In addition, the work of analysis of fatty acids and saccharides are facilitated, because adsorption ofproteins onto the silica surface is a serious problem in capillary electrophoresis. After the hydrolysis and amino acids analysis, a liquidlliquid extraction was attempted in the filtrate. The organic phase was saponified for fatty acids analysis and, the aqueous phase was further hydrolysed for monosaccharide analysis. Two resins were invetigated, the Amberlite IRA 120 from Vetec Química (Rio de Janeiro, BR) and the Dowex 50WX8-200 from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). The Dowex resin showed the best results, reaching recoveries from 90,6 to 96,8%. To monitor the hydrolysis amino acids electropherograms were registered, under three forms: direct detection of phenylalanine; direct detection of hystidine and indirect detection of other amino acids. The results showed, that the three forms were similar. Mathematic models to describe the hydrolysis profile were fitted by the Curve Expert 1.3 software. The results for the amino acids analysis were in agreement with Kjedahl\'s method. The fatty acids analysis was tested with success only for brazilian nut, that presented a concentration 54.1 % (total fatty acids). The monosaccharides analysis was tested with sucess for all matrices, showing 12.6% for the brazilian nut, 26.5% for the oat and 39.0% for the wheat.

La mucopolysaccharidose de type IIIB (MPSIIIB), ou maladie de Sanfilippo B, est une maladie de surcharge lysosomale caractérisée par des atteintes neurologiques. Cette maladie génétique rare est causée par la déficience en a-N-acétylglucosaminidase (NAGLU), une enzyme nécessaire pour la dégradation des héparanes sulfates (HS). La dégradation incomplète des HS cause l'accumulation de saccharides d'HS dans les lysosomes et à la surface des cellules. Mais la cascade physiopathologique induite par ces saccharides n'est pour l'instant pas connue. D'une part, ces recherches fournissent des preuves que la communication avec l'environnement des cellules neurales déficientes en NAGLU est altérée. En effet, l'intégrine ß1 et ses effecteurs sont suractivés et recrutés au niveau des plaques d'adhérence dans des astrocytes déficients. Les comportements cellulaires dépendants des intégrines, tels que la polarisation et la migration, sont également altérés. Ces phénotypes sont restaurés par l'apport de l'enzyme déficiente. Cette restauration indique que l'accumulation de saccharides d'HS provoque l'activation de la signalisation des intégrines, et perturbe la polarisation et la migration des cellules neurales. L'ajout de saccharides d'HS purifiés sur des cellules neurales normales confirme que les saccharides d'HS extracellulaires activent des composants des plaques d'adhérence. D'autre part, l'étude d'un modèle cellulaire humain, dont l'expression de NAGLU a été inhibée par shRNA, a montré que l'accumulation de vésicules de stockage caractéristiques de la maladie est causée, entre autre, par une déformation de l'appareil de Golgi et la surexpression de GM130. Ces phénotypes sont également observés dans les neurones atteints. Ils s'accompagnent d'une augmentation de la stabilité et de la nucléation des microtubules, au niveau de l'appareil de Golgi. Les défauts de communication entre la cellule malade et son environnement semblent donc modifier la dynamique et la structure cellulaire. Nous présumons que les mécanismes physiopathologiques déchiffrés en culture sont reliés à la neuropathologie de la MPSIIIB. En perturbant la perception de l'environnement cellulaire, la polarité, la migration, et la pousse neuritique, les saccharides d'HS accumulés dans les tissus cérébraux malades, affectent probablement divers mécanismes clefs de la maturation corticale.

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-11-23T11:17:22Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-23T11:17:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A papaína é uma enzima proteolítica empregada no debridamento e cicatrização de feridas. Contudo, problemas de estabilidade na forma farmacêutica, bem como reações alérgicas reportadas por pacientes submetidos à tratamentos com a enzima, culminaram na restrição aos produtos contendo papaína para uso tópico por órgãos regulatórios internacionais. Este trabalho objetivou desenvolver hidrogel nanoestruturado contendo complexo de papaína e ciclodextrina visando obter forma farmacêutica estável e eficaz como curativo dérmico, com redução da resposta imunológica. A síntese do hidrogel foi realizada combinando fenômenos de cristalização e/ou reticulação e esterilização simultânea induzida por radiação gama, de modo a promover nanoestruturação adequada da membrana para veiculação da papaína nativa e do complexo. O complexo e o produto final tiveram suas propriedades biológicas e físico-químicas avaliadas. O hidrogel a base de PVA contendo complexo de papaína-ciclodextrina apresentou características adequadas para aplicação como curativo, além de apresentar indícios de redução na resposta imunológica e melhora na citocompatibilidade quando comparado à papaína nativa, isso devido ao encapsulamento molecular com a ciclodextrina e à alta retenção do complexo por parte da matriz. Por outro lado, a irradiação, não alterou o perfil citotóxico da enzima, mas acarretou leve diminuição em seu potencial imunogênico. O hidrogel se mostrou promissor para uso como curativo e demonstrou potencial redução nas reações adversas desencadeadas pelo uso da papaína. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:10/10935-9

A presente dissertação de mestrado propõe o estudo da hidrólise catalítica de proteínas utilizando resina de troca catiônica, para separação e análise seqüencial de aminoácidos, ácidos graxos e sacarídeos presentes em aveia, trigo e castanha-do-pará via eletroforese capilar. Os processos de hidrólise comumente utilizados para proteínas destroem alguns aminoácidos, como a rota em meio ácido (asparagina, glutamina, triptofano tirosina, serina e treonina) e em meio básico (serina, treonina, arginina e cisteína). O processo de hidrólise de proteínas utilizando-se uma resina de troca catiônica gera um substrato livre de interferentes, pois a fração peptídica é retida na resina e pode ser isolada da matriz. Em adição, a análise dos ácidos graxos e sacarídeos é facilitada, porque adsorção de proteínas na superfície do capilar é um sério problema em eletroforese capilar. Após a hidrólise e análise dos aminoácidos, seqüencialmente foi feita uma extração líquido/líquido no filtrado, sendo a fase orgânica saponificada e posterior análise dos ácidos graxos e, a fase aquosa hidrolisada em meio ácido e posterior análise dos monossacarídeos. Duas resinas foram estudadas, sendo que a Dowex 50WX8-200 da Sigma- Aldrich (St. Louis, EUA) apresentou resultados mais satisfatórios, atingindo níveis de recuperação entre 90,6 e 96,8%. O monitoramento da hidrólise ocorreu registrando-se eletroferogramas de aminoácidos em função do tempo sob três formas: detecção direta de fenilalanina na forma aniônica, detecção direta de histidina na forma catiônica e detecção indireta dos aminoácidos na forma aniônica. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as três formas condizem, podendo-se monitorar a hidrólise por qualquer uma. Estes resultados também concordam com o teor de proteína total obtido pelo método de Kjedahl. Modelos matemáticos que descrevem o comportamento da hidrólise foram descritos, utilizando-se do software Curve Expert 1.3. Para os ácidos graxos, obteve-se êxito somente para a castanha-do-pará, 52,1% de teor de ácidos graxos. Para os monossacarídeos os valores obtidos foram: 12,6% na castanha-do-Pará, 26,5% na aveia e 39,0% no trigo. / In this work, a procedure for hydrolysis of proteins assisted by the protonated form of a strong cation exchanger resin and sequencial analysis of amino acids, fatty acids and saccharides by capillary electrophoresis were studied. Brazilian nut, wheat and oat were characterized by the proposed procedure. The hydrolysis process normaly used for proteins destroys some amino acids, e.g. in the acid hydrolysis (asparagine, glutamine, tryptophan, tyrosine, serine and threonine) and basic hydrolysis (serine, threonine, arginine and cysteine). The catalytic hydrolysis by a protonated cation exchanger produces a clean substract, the amino acids are retained in the resin and can be isolated from the matrix. In addition, the work of analysis of fatty acids and saccharides are facilitated, because adsorption ofproteins onto the silica surface is a serious problem in capillary electrophoresis. After the hydrolysis and amino acids analysis, a liquidlliquid extraction was attempted in the filtrate. The organic phase was saponified for fatty acids analysis and, the aqueous phase was further hydrolysed for monosaccharide analysis. Two resins were invetigated, the Amberlite IRA 120 from Vetec Química (Rio de Janeiro, BR) and the Dowex 50WX8-200 from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). The Dowex resin showed the best results, reaching recoveries from 90,6 to 96,8%. To monitor the hydrolysis amino acids electropherograms were registered, under three forms: direct detection of phenylalanine; direct detection of hystidine and indirect detection of other amino acids. The results showed, that the three forms were similar. Mathematic models to describe the hydrolysis profile were fitted by the Curve Expert 1.3 software. The results for the amino acids analysis were in agreement with Kjedahl\'s method. The fatty acids analysis was tested with success only for brazilian nut, that presented a concentration 54.1 % (total fatty acids). The monosaccharides analysis was tested with sucess for all matrices, showing 12.6% for the brazilian nut, 26.5% for the oat and 39.0% for the wheat.

Une grande partie des chimistes puisent leur inspiration auprès de la biologie. C’est le cas des chercheurs en chimie supramoléculaire, qui travaillent sur l’élaboration de récepteurs moléculaires synthétiques capables d’effectuer des reconnaissances moléculaires envers des substrats d’intérêt biologiques. Le but est ainsi de mimer l’activité des protéines naturelles, en vue d’applications cliniques.L’unité cyclotribenzylène (CTB) est une structure de symétrie C3 qui possède des propriétés complexantes intéressantes. Un CTB relié à une deuxième unité complexante par trois bras espaceurs constitue la famille des hémicryptophanes. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons travaillé sur l’élaboration de récepteurs moléculaires basés sur cette unité CTB. Dans un premier temps nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode de synthèse d’hémicryptophane énantiopurs à l’échelle du gramme en vue d’effectuer des reconnaissances stéréosélectives de neurotransmetteurs chiraux. Nous avons ensuite développé des récepteurs CTB et hémicryptophanes combinant la chiralité du CTB et du groupement binaphtol. La configuration absolue des unités chirales ont été déterminées par une méthode de corrélation chimique. Ces récepteurs ont été utilisés pour réaliser des expériences de reconnaissance stéréosélective de saccharide et de bonnes diastéréosélectivités ont été obtenues. Enfin, nous avons travaillé sur l’élaboration d’une voie de synthèse d’hémicryptophanes fluorescents capables de subir des excitations bi-photoniques dans le but d’effectuer des expériences de suivi dans l’espace et dans le temps de substrats d’intérêt biologiques en milieu in-vivo. / Biology is an inspiration for chemists. Especially for the field of supramolecular chemistry, which one of the aim is to develop synthetic molecular receptors capable of molecular recognition to biological substrates, to mimic the activity of natural proteins for clinical applications.Cyclotribenzylene unit (CTB) is a C3-symmetry structure which present interesting recognition properties. When a CTB is connecting to another molecular unit by three spacers arms, it forms an hemicryptophane receptor. During this thesis, we worked on elaboration receptors based on CTB unit. First, a new way of enantiopure hemicryptophane synthesis on gram scale has been developed for stereoselective recognition of chiral neurotransmitters. Then receptors based on chirality of CTB and binaphthol unit has been developed. Assignment of absolute configuration of chiral unit was determined by a chemical correlation. Stereoselective recognition of carbohydrates by these receptors revealed good diastereoselectivity. Finally, a synthetic pathway leading to fluorescent hemicryptophanes was developed for bi-photonic excitation in order to realize in-vivo experiments of tracking biological substrates.

The presented doctoral thesis is focused on the study of the biological effects of active compounds found in cereals, on the development of methods of analysis these effects, on the determination of the content of active substances and characterization of the relationship between composition and biological effects of cereals and cereal products. For the analysis several kinds of raw cereal samples (flakes, flour, germ, bran), flavored extruded cereal products and also samples of paddy and husked rice were chosen. To major types of analysed active compounds belong mainly phenolic compounds in the form of glycosides and aglycones, and also saccharides. Group parameters such as total polyphenols, flavonoids and total and reducing saccharides were determined spectrophotometrically, individual phenolics and saccharides were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). TEAC, DPPH and CLAMS methods were used to determine the antioxidant activity. Indirect methods of determination of substances with antioxidant effect were used as well. Results of the total antioxidant activity were compared with values of antimutagenic/genotoxic activity obtained by several microbial test systems. Antimutagenic effect was expressed as a percentage of inhibition of effect of standard mutagen and could be considered as a potential preventive effect of cereals to DNA arising primarily by free radicals effect. The highest values of group and individual phenolics, antioxidant and antimutagenic activity were found in germs, bran, in buckwheat products and in coloured and raw rice. In flavoured cereal products addition of chocolate or fruit positively influences content of active phenolic substances as well as sugars, antixidant and antimutagenic activity. In a representative sample of Czech population, questionnairy study was performed to monitor interest in cereals and consumer preferences. The most of consumers consider cereals with chocolate flavour as less healthy than confirmed results of laboratory analyses. In this study some new food products were developed. Several types of model cereal products containing plant (fruit, vegetables) extracts were proposed. Extracts were added to cereals in freeze-dried and encapsulated form. The highest positive effect exhibited addition of local forrest fruit extract. Within preparation of encapsulated extracts several methods of preparing lipid or saccharides particles were also tested. The encapsulation efficiency of the methods and stability and size of particles were analysed. Optimal type of fortified cereal foods could be suggested based on the acquired results. Selected cereals were used as alternative carbon substrates (processed or raw) for the cultivation of microorganisms to produce enriched biomass usable in the feed industry. We can conclude that cereals in raw as well as processed form belong to universal foods and rich sources of biologically active substances. They can be processed by many ways. They can be used for direct consumption, as a part of new products and also undirectly as a substrate for feedstock.