Chez les Kabyè du Togo, le cycle de l'initiation masculine occupe une place centrale dans la construction du rapport au territoire. Échelonnée sur dix années et composée de quatre grades, l'initiation est la voie d'accès au statut d'homme adulte. Les rites d'entrée dans les différents grades procèdent conjointement à l'inscription de tous dans le territoire villageois, et à l'identification progressive des jeunes hommes à des créatures de brousse. Le dispositif rituel construit des jeunes gens aptes à pénétrer en brousse ― chaque grade le faisant selon ses propres modalités ― pour pouvoir finalement faire face aux menaces qu'elle recèle. L'articulation de l'initiation au cycle annuel des rites agraires et cynégétiques, et au cycle quinquennal des rites de régénération du territoire est étudiée. Elle permet de mettre en évidence que le lien des initiants à la brousse est réinvesti par le système rituel, de telle sorte que les initiants sont d'importants intervenants dans les rites permettant le maintien des conditions d'existence au village. Leurs actes complètent ceux des responsables du culte aux divinités du territoire : des grands prêtres aux accents de rois sacrés. La façon dont les initiants prennent part aux rites liés à la pluie, au vent et à la terre, et les interdits auxquels ils sont soumis, appuient l'hypothèse qu'ils partagent avec les grands prêtres un pouvoir immédiat sur les éléments naturels. L'initiation masculine peut être comprise comme une initiation à la royauté sacrée qui, pour la majorité des jeunes hommes, n'ira pas jusqu'à son terme. Dans la phase ultime de l'initiation, certains pourront être intronisés grands prêtres. / Among the Kabye of Togo, the male initiation cycle is central to building the relationship to the territory. Completed over a period of ten years and divided into four grades, the initiation cycle is the route to the adult male status. The rites of access to the different grades jointly proceed to the inclusion of all in the village territory, and to the progressive identification of young men to bush creatures. The ritual system makes sure young people are able to penetrate the bush — each grade according to its own terms — and cope with the threats it holds. The link between the initiation and the annual cycle of the agricultural and hunting rites, as well as the quinquennial cycle of regeneration of the territory, is studied hereafter. This highlights that the link between the initiates and the bush is reinvested by the ritual system, in such a way that the initiates are important contributors to the rites, allowing the conditions of existence in the village to be maintained. Their actions complete those of the people in charge of worshipping the territory divinities: great priests resembling sacred kings. The way the initiates take part in rituals linked to rain, wind and earth, in addition to the taboos they face, support the hypothesis that they share with the great priests an immediate power on natural elements. The male initiation cycle can be understood as an initiation to sacred kingship which, for the majority of young men, will not be fully completed. In the ultimate phase of the initiation cycle, some will be enthroned as great priests.

Submitted by Maria Dulce (mdulce@ndc.uff.br) on 2014-02-25T16:57:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Birro, Renan-Dissert-2013.pdf: 3670709 bytes, checksum: 4d591521c20672aebc47b8cbf08a3702 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-25T16:57:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Birro, Renan-Dissert-2013.pdf: 3670709 bytes, checksum: 4d591521c20672aebc47b8cbf08a3702 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / A pesquisa de mestrado intitulada Rex perpetuus norvegiæ: a sacralidade dos reis noruegueses e a santificação de Óláfr Haraldsson (c. 995-1030) à luz da literatura nórdica latina e vernacular (sécs. XI-XII) é um inquérito sobre as diferentes tradições de sacralidade régia na Noruega durante a Era Viking e a Escandinávia Medieval, sobre a santificação do viking, rei, mártir e santo norueguês Óláfr Haraldsson, além da utilização de sua imagem como padroeiro do reino para consolidar a monarquia, a Igreja da Noruega e a recepção da biografia sagrada do santo norueguês por parte dos fieis. Óláfr Haraldsson (c.995-1030) viveu como viking durante alguns anos. Em 1015 ele retornou à Noruega para reclamar o trono após ser batizado em Rouen. A grande tarefa deste rei foi consolidar a conversão de seu povo ao cristianismo, tarefa que cumpriu à maneira de Carlos Magno: conversões forçadas e destruição de objetos e espaços de veneração pagãos. Ele foi banido do reino após a derrota na Batalha de Helgeå (1026). Após como proscrito, ele retornou em 1030, mas foi morto na Batalha de Stiklestaðir (1030). O rei morto transformou-se num objeto de veneração pouco após a sua morte, e um ano após a derradeira batalha, seu corpo foi transladado das cercanias de Nidaróss para o seio dessa cidade, que ficava na região onde este rei encontrava o maior número de seus detratores. Há indícios de peregrinações em massa para o seu santuário, e os inimigos do controle dinamarquês sobre a Noruega viram em Óláfr a possibilidade de se fortalecer, assim como a Igreja local, que tentava se unir a monarquia para ganhar forças e sobreviver num território recém-convertido à fé cristã. Seus sucessores empenharam- se em utilizar o rei-mártir para fortalecer seu poder político no reino. Entrementes, elementos da antiga sacralidade régia pagã foram reaproveitados, como o hamingja (“sorte”), além da incorporação da sacralidade régia cristã e do monarca defunto como padroeiro do reino e rei perpétuo da Noruega. O modelo inicial da biografia sagrada do santo seguia o padrão anglo-saxão de reis mártires, embora tenha sofrido influências da cultura local e respondido aos anseios da comunidade. / The master’s research entitled Rex perpetuus Norvegiae: the sacred kingship in the Norwegian monarchy and the sanctification of Óláfr Haraldsson (c. 995 – 1030) in the light of latin and vernacular literature (11th and 12th centuries) is an inquiry on the different traditions of sacred kingship in Norway during Viking Age and Medieval Scandinavia, on the sanctification of the Viking, king, martyr and Norwegian saint Óláfr Haraldsson, and the use of his image as patron saint of the kingdom to consolidate the monarchy, the Norwegian church and the reception of the sacred biography by the faithful. Óláfr Haraldsson (c. 995-1030) lived as a Viking during some years. At 1015 he come back to Norway to claim the throne after his baptism in Rouen. The main task of this king was the conversion of his people to the christianism. He did it with forced conversions and destruction of temples and sacred pagan objects. He was banned of the kingdom after his defeat at the Battle of Helgeã (1026). The dead king became quickly in an object of veneration after their death, and one year late, his body was translated from the vicinity of Nidaróss for this town, place where his main opponents lived. There are indications of massive pilgrimage to his shrine, and some powerful Norwegian nobles utilized Óláfr as a tool to improve the Norwegian opposition and the local church. The church, by turn, united with the monarchy, wanted to strengthen the Christianism at the kingdom. The rulers after Óláfr utilized him to improve their political power in the kingdom. The rulers after Óláfr utilized him to improve their political power in the kingdom. Meanwhile, elements of the pagan sacred kingship were reused, as the hamingja (“luck”). At the same time, the Christian sacred kingship and the dead king were utilized in the same purposes, and the last became the patron saint and the everlasting king of Norway. The initial model of sacred biography of Óláfr followed the anglo-saxon pattern of martyr kings, but he suffered influences from local culture and from the needs of faithful community.