Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / Medicines have to be regulated in an effort to monitor their quality, safety, and efficacy. The process of medicines registration is lengthy, costly, and document-heavy. Many countries have limited expertise and resources at national medicines regulatory authorities (NMRAs) and some countries have adopted unified approaches to medicines registration legislation. Harmonised guidelines and initiatives have been adopted in South Africa and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). However, there are no studies that have identified the effects of these initiatives and guidelines on major stakeholders such as the pharmaceutical industry and regulators.

WTO provides the bedrock of international trade law. Thus, it supports open and predictable trade. Regional trade arrangements have become an accepted channel for trade development, consequently, they are recognised by WTO under article XXIV of GATT and the Enabling Clause. Most RIs are brought about by regional trade arrangements. The most common forms of RI are CUs and FTAs. WTO legal framework on RTAs in CUs and FTAs with regards to trade in goods are governed by the Text of Article XXIV GATT. Tanzania has three RTAs – EAC, SADC and AfCFTA. The focus of this study is on two – EAC and SADC. Tanzania is in a multilateral preferential trade arrangement that is inconsistent with WTO requirements on RTAs. That is to say, Tanzania as a member of EAC which is a CU implies that she has to comply with WTO requirements on RTAs as provided for under article XXIV of GATT. The major being to enter into trade agreements collectively with other members of CU and not individually, since they operate as a single customs territory with a common external trade regime. However, Tanzania is both a member of a CU – EAC and a member of an FTA – SADC to the exclusion of other members of CU. WTO members are required to notify WTO upon the formation of RTAs so that the same can be examined by the Committee on RTAs. However, the Committee has enjoyed little success in assessing the consistency of the RTAs notified to WTO over the years. Therefore, functions of the Committee should be reviewed to serve as a forum for notification and provision of clarity on RTAs to WTO members on the basis of a factual presentations by WTO Secretariat. Due to multiple memberships of member states in various RECs, both EAC and SADC use RoO to determine whether goods originate from partner states in order to qualify for community preferential treatment. The administration of EAC CET faces a number of challenges including the lack of a customs authority at the regional level that would ensure uniformity in the management of CU. Another setback in the implementation of the CET is multiple memberships of member states where preferential treatment is still extended to other RECs despite a restricting provision and existence of CU, thus, eroding the gains of such union. This is brought about by problems in drafting Treaties where partner states exploit loopholes, for instance, Protocol on EACCU does not prohibit EAC member states from maintaining trade arrangements they had prior to the formation of CU or signing individual agreements thereafter such as FTAs. This became evident in the ratification of AfCFTA Agreement. / Mini Dissertation (LLM (International Trade and Investment Law in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Charles Okehalam Scholarship / Centre for Human Rights / LLM (International Trade and Investment Law in Africa) / Unrestricted

Includes bibliographical references / The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is a unilateral trade policy concession governing United States - Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) trade and investment relations. AGOA provides United States market access for 40 SSA countries, including South Africa. This piece of legislation has the fundamental objective of facilitating the global integration of SSA countries into the world economy by extending preferential access to the United States market for exporters from eligible countries. Over the past decade, AGOA has emerged as a topical issue as scholars and policy makers sought to understand its impact on SSA, especially South Africa. This has been awarded more impetus given its pending expiration in 2015. This, naturally, raised questions about the performance of United States preference programs (such as AGOA) as part of a larger ongoing debate on the form that United States preference programs may take in the foreseeable future. With South Africa facing a serious opposition to inclusion in the next shape of AGOA given the number of trade agreements South Africa has signed with countries that are competitors to United States in certain product categories. This study will seek to highlight the importance of the AGOA dispensation to South Africa, and through that analysis make a case for the continued inclusion of South Africa in the future trade dispensations that may develop. This study focuses on two research objectives; firstly, the study seeks to assess the extent to which increased preferential access to the United States market has translated into a real and tangible increase in exports from South Africa to the United States. Secondly, the study seeks to identify the areas where South Africa and the United States have high trade potential, and help make a case for inclusion of these high potential trade products in the next iteration of the AGOA dispensation. In achieving the first research objective, the study carried out a detailed trade statistics analysis with the hope of gaining greater understanding of the extent to which AGOA has influenced trade patterns between the United States and South Africa. South Africa's trade figures show that the United States is an important trade partner. A key conclusion that can be drawn from the analysis is the observation that a fair amount of growth in South Africa's exports to the United States is fundamentally characterized by two key aspects namely; growth in specific commodities and an export base that is becoming gradually concentrated over time. This implies that trade between South Africa and the United States is shifting towards a new focus in line with AGOA incentives and by extension one may conclude that South African firms are utilizing the market opportunities and the networks that enable them to effectively exploit the United States market. In fulfilling the second research objective, the detailed trade potential analysis that is propped up by a robust analysis of trade trends was carried out. The trade potential analysis identified thirteen commodity groups as having high potential for further exports into the United States market, and Pearls, precious stones and metals were identified as having the highest indicative trade potential, although the picture changes as the data is further disaggregated. This suggests that there is enormous potential and a great scope for export of pearls, precious stones and metals to the United States.

Africa, as a continent, requires rapid development in order to catapult the continent into developed status. As decision-makers on the continent acknowledge this, ambitious development goals have been put in place. This research study analysed whether logistics, and more specifically, transport logistics can contribute to sustainable development on the continent, and if so, in which ways and forms this can be implemented. The qualitative study focused specifically on the SADC region trade block within Africa. The research included a case study of a leader in the transport logistics industry. Interviews with the company’s management committee, as well as the management of its top five clients, have been conducted to form the basis of an explorative study. The findings of this study indicate that logistics can contribute to sustainable development within Africa. Three specific areas of impact have been identified, i.e. the role of logistics as enabler of trade on the continent, its contribution to the combat against climate change and its role in social development. The researcher considers the findings in this paper to be significant for sustainable development in terms of their potential value for use by decision-makers in incorporating logistics into their decision-making. More importantly, the potential significant impact that logistics can have on sustainable development, with the formation of strategic partnerships in achieving these development goals, has been highlighted.

Telecommunications development in southern Africa is encouraged by economic opportunity, government-level support (such as the Southern African Development Corporation, or SADC) and market trends (de-monopolisation and market liberalisation). Various markets in the SADC region offer telecommunications operators solid growth potential and the advantages of geographic diversification. Operators entering the new markets will generally do so in the mode of partnerships, alliances or Greenfield operations. However, the context in which they function, independent of the mode of entrance, will tend to be defined by the telecommunications and ICT industry; that is, within an interoperator environment. “Interoperator” is referred to in a broad sense, i.e. enterprise interaction between operators / service providers and across the value chain. The existence of interoperator relationships is thus taken as an assumption. A carefully managed network rollout and technological evolution plan is required together with critical market and business considerations to succeed with expansion into SADC markets. This paper presents a logical methodology for telecoms operators (mobile or fixed) to guide network development and formulate strategy particular to the SADC deployment area. A proposed development framework gives structure and organisation to the various aspects – business requirements, technology choices and market decisions – of a telecoms business in Southern Africa. The total model consists of 4 associated representations which fit logically in an enabling framework. Central to the framework is a technology decision methodology, guiding the technological evolution toward a Next Generation Network (NGN) services core whilst preserving existing investment, smoothing interoperation of elements and legacy technologies and subordinating decisions to business needs. Alignment of services and products to the business plan and that of the customer needs is also addressed through the “considerations and applications” and “customer visibility circle” representations. The regulatory environment, licence stipulations and interconnect agreements are important inputs to the framework. The output is the formulation of a high-level strategy roadmap, and evaluation and feedback methodology. The realisation of a clear, defined roadmap through which telecommunications development in the SADC can be guided provides telecommunications operators with a high-level framework that structures, orders and orientates all necessary elements with long-term goals and business requirements. / Dissertation (MEng (Technology Management))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Graduate School of Technology Management (GSTM) / unrestricted

The unemployment rate is one of the most important indicators of economic growth. Reducing unemployment is crucial to ensuring inclusive growth in a country. This paper analyses the relationship between the unemployment rate and other macroeconomic variables in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The purpose of the study is to compare and understand the observed unemployment disparities between southernmost and the rest of the SADC countries. It draws on the theoretical framework of the Phillips curve and Okun's law and uses static panel data and fully modified ordinary least squares techniques (FM-OLS) to estimate the empirical model. Annual data for the period 1991 to 2020 are used. Analyses are conducted both at the aggregate SADC data level and at the subgroup level, i.e. at the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and non-SACU country levels. Diagnostic tests are conducted to ensure the robustness of the models. The empirical results of this study show that labour productivity, external debt and population have significant effects on unemployment across the SADC region. Inflation, labour productivity and population have significant effects in SACU, while external debt, labour productivity and population have significant effects in non-SACU countries. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth and foreign direct investment (FDI) have mixed but insignificant effects on the unemployment rate, indicating a low employment elasticity of growth in the region.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-06-17T11:54:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Delton Muianga Digitalizada.pdf: 1681097 bytes, checksum: 074c3b8b945dc6cecdefd1ac7761205a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-17T11:54:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Delton Muianga Digitalizada.pdf: 1681097 bytes, checksum: 074c3b8b945dc6cecdefd1ac7761205a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-19 / CNPq / O objetivo geral do presente trabalho consiste em estudar os impasses do processo de formação da comunidade de segurança na África Austral, no período entre 1995 e 2013. Para isso, analisa diferentes fatos sociopolíticos, econômicos e históricos na contemporaneidade que servem de enclaves para o desenvolvimento da região da África Austral como uma comunidade de segurança. São descritas as origens históricas da comunidade, assim como contextualizadas as divergências prevalecentes entre os Estados-membros da SADC (Comunidade para o Desenvolvimento da África Austral, na sigla em inglês). A presente dissertação apresenta, ainda, uma análise sobre o impacto da fraca qualidade dos governos, a partir do exame do funcionamento das instituições, do grau de liberdade política e dos direitos civis no âmbito interno dos Estados-membros da SADC. Os resultados do estudo revelaram discrepâncias sobre o modo como a política de segurança é conduzida por esses países, o que foi considerado um fator problemático para a constituição efetiva de uma comunidade de segurança regional na área. / The overall objective of this research is to study the impasses of the process of forming the security community in Southern Africa, between 1995 and 2013. In this way, we analyze different socio-political, economic and historical sevices facts in contemporary enclaves for the development of the Southern African region as a security community. The historical origins of the community are described, as well as the prevailing contextual differences between the Member States of the SADC (Community for the Development of Southern Africa, its acronym in English). This thesis also presents an analysis of the impact of the poor quality of government, from the review of the functioning of institutions, the degree of political freedom and civil rights provisions within the Member States of SADC. The study results reveal discrepancies on how the security policy is driven by these countries, which is considered a problematic factor for the effective establishment of a regionally secure community.

This study examines the employment of non-citizens within the framework of appropriate regulatory statues and constitutional dispensations, as contained in the domestic legislation of the individual countries, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Lesotho as part of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Focusing on labour law development regarding the legislative position of the employment of non-citizens, such as; immigration requirements, basic minimum employment conditions and protection of employment rights have consequently been part of Africa-China economic relations with SADC host countries. The People's Republic of China (PRC), or China, assistance and its Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) impacts SADC globalised market economies. China State and Chinese companies, increasing engagements in Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa and to a lesser extent in Lesotho, through extended foreign diplomatic and bilateral trade relationships, are characterised by dominant employment of Chinese non-citizens within these host countries. Botswana and the other host countries’ labour market regulative legislation, faces the challenge of developing labour law regulating the protection of decent work, within the international ILO framework for fair and stable globalisation. Assessment of the current labour laws, and economic influences of the individual countries, would bridge the legal cultural gap and enhance sustainable economic growth. Valuable lessons learned from within the region have the potential of ensuring a more mutually beneficial outcome to the "win-win" scenario, from an African perspective, regarding China-Africa relationships. / LLM, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

South Africa was invited to join the Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) group at the end of 2010, mainly because South Africa is viewed as the ‘gateway’ into Africa, and South Africa is also considered to be the link between BRIC and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). It is expected that the BRIC countries will increase their foreign direct investment (FDI) to South Africa. This inflow of BRIC FDI may lead to the advantages of boosting SADC exports, which is important as it may lead to the SADC countries experiencing expanded market opportunities, and exports have for a long time been viewed as an engine of economic growth. It has been further indicated that it is evident that relatively few studies have been conducted on the relationship between FDI and exports within the African context and that this relationship is not well understood. In light of these shortcomings in the literature, the first aim of this study was to attempt to contribute to the literature on FDI in SADC by investigating the relationship between BRIC FDI inflows on SADC exports. From the assessment of recent studies conducted on the relationship between FDI and exports in developed, developing and African countries a number of conclusions have been made. The first was that the majority of the studies conducted between 2000 and 2011 by various authors used causality tests and regression models to determine the relationships between FDI and exports. It also seemed that bi-directional causality is most often found, thereby indicating that FDI has a positive influence on exports and exports also have a positive influence on FDI. The secondary research aim, to determine the specific relationship between the BRIC’s FDI on SADC exports to BRIC and the world, was analysed by means of a descriptive and empirical study (correlation test, regression model, Granger causality test and panel data causality testing method), and the results indicated that, from 2003 to 2011, there was a strong positive correlation between BRIC FDI inflows to SADC and SADC exports to BRIC (59 per cent) and the world (96 per cent). The regression analysis showed that 53 per cent of the variance in the SADC exports to the BRIC is explained by BRIC FDI, while 99 per cent of the variance in the SADC exports to the world is explained by BRIC FDI. Finally the Granger causality test results indicated that BRIC FDI inflows contributed to higher exports from SADC, specifically SADC exports to the world. This was however not the case for SADC exports to BRIC. The results further suggest that there is a possible cointegration between BRIC FDI and the SADC exports to the world, reflecting, among other things, that the simultaneous movement of BRIC FDI inflows with SADC exports to the world may be mainly due to exogenous factors rather than a direct causal relationship. The BRIC FDI inflows on the SADC exports to the world being significant is a motivation for the SADC group to further motivate integration, co-operation and participation within BRIC, as this may possibly lead to further inward FDI flows, which may further promote exports to the world. Future studies would include determining the market forces that contribute to the simultaneous movement of BRIC FDI inflows into SADC, with the SADC exports to the world. / MCom (International Trade), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

This study examines the employment of non-citizens within the framework of appropriate regulatory statues and constitutional dispensations, as contained in the domestic legislation of the individual countries, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Lesotho as part of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Focusing on labour law development regarding the legislative position of the employment of non-citizens, such as; immigration requirements, basic minimum employment conditions and protection of employment rights have consequently been part of Africa-China economic relations with SADC host countries. The People's Republic of China (PRC), or China, assistance and its Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) impacts SADC globalised market economies. China State and Chinese companies, increasing engagements in Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa and to a lesser extent in Lesotho, through extended foreign diplomatic and bilateral trade relationships, are characterised by dominant employment of Chinese non-citizens within these host countries. Botswana and the other host countries’ labour market regulative legislation, faces the challenge of developing labour law regulating the protection of decent work, within the international ILO framework for fair and stable globalisation. Assessment of the current labour laws, and economic influences of the individual countries, would bridge the legal cultural gap and enhance sustainable economic growth. Valuable lessons learned from within the region have the potential of ensuring a more mutually beneficial outcome to the "win-win" scenario, from an African perspective, regarding China-Africa relationships. / LLM, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015