The master’s thesis deals with numerical patterns for evaluation of the stability slopes. Solutions have been made with finite element method for different design situations with using programme system ANSYS. The results were compared with conventional approaches determining of the slope safety factor.

With increasing age of the concrete road bridges, the highly topical question is to determine their reliability and load-bearing capacity level required for the residual life of the structure. Doctoral thesis presents a comprehensive methodology for assessing the reliability of reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges based on non-linear finite element method damage and failure virtual simulations at both deterministic and stochastic levels. Load-bearing capacity values are specified by the structure’s design load capacity estimation by global safety factor methods or they are based on a fully probabilistic load capacity analysis using the direct resistance estimation. For the fully probabilistic calculations, the simulation technique Latin Hypercube Sampling is used.

[pt] Essa pesquisa usa o Método do Ponto Material (MPM), para avaliar diferentes aspectos de deslizamentos de encosta. Esse tema é de suma importância, visto que os deslizamentos de terra são o desastre natural que mais causa perdas humanas no Brasil. Esse método numérico foi verificado a fim de que fosse encontrado o fator de segurança e a superfície de ruptura em um talude infinito com solo representado pelo modelo constitutivo de Drucker-Prager. Além disso, foi validado para calcular a força de impacto em um anteparo, sendo o volume impactante um objeto qualquer elástico ou um solo com modelo de Drucker-Prager. Os cálculos foram executados com o código desenvolvido pela PUC-Rio e produziram excelentes resultados. Foi observada uma grande dependência dos resultados com a malha, e assim como no Método dos Elementos Finitos, o refinamento da malha gera convergência para um resultado. O método foi considerado satisfatório para cálculo de uma parede de retenção em locais de risco. / [en] This research uses a numerical method, the Material Point Method, to evaluate different aspects of slope landslides. This theme is of paramount importance since landslides are the natural disaster that shows the highest number of deaths in Brazil. The method was verified so that it could find the safety factor and rupture surface in an infinite slope with soil represented by the Drucker-Prager constitutive model. In addition, the method was validated to calculate impact force in a bulkhead; the impacting volume could be any elastic object or soil with the Drucker-Prager model. The calculations were performed using the code developed by PUC-Rio and showed excellent results. It was observed high dependence on the mesh discretization, as well as the Finite Element Method, the refinement of the mesh generates convergence for a result. The method was considered satisfactory for calculating a retention wall at risk locations.

[pt] A avaliação da estabilidade do talude da Mina Robert (Canadá) é feita através do campo de deslocamentos de marcos superficiais e subsuperficiais e possíveis mecanismos de ruptura obtidos a partir da análise tensão- deformação usando-se o programa computacional FLAC (V. 3.30). Adotando-se o emprego dos modelos constitutivos elástico perfeitamente plástico e elasto-plástico com amolecimento, são calculados o fator de segurança e a porcentagem da região de plastificação, e são definidas as características de comportamento cinemático do talude sob condições de carregamento gravitacional. Apresenta-se um estudo de sensibilidade considerando-se tensões cisalhantes e deslocamentos acumulados em função da variação dos parâmetros do maciço rochoso e da inclinação do talude, além de se analisar fatores associados à definição dos mecanismos de ruptura em termos de tensão- deformação. Finalmente, são apresentadas as comparações entre os fatores de segurança calculados em função dos resultados da simulação numérica (FLAC) e os fatores de segurança calculados por equilíbrio limite considerando-se as superfícies potenciais de ruptura provenientes da modelagem computacional. / [en] The evaluation of the stability of the Robert Pit Mine (Canada) is made through the field of displacements of superficial and ground marks and possible rupture mechanisms obtained from the results of tension-deformation analysis by using the program computational FLAC (V. 3.30). Two constitutive models, the elastic perfectly plastic model and elastic-plastic with strain softening model, are used for the determination of safety's factor and plastification area. This work also defines the characteristics of cinematic behavior of the rock slope under gravitat ional condit ions. A sensibility study is realized considering shear stress and displacements in function of the variation of the rock parameters and of the inclination of the slope. The analysis of the factors associated to the definition of the rupture mechanisms in tension-deformation terms is also done. Finally, the comparisons are presented among safety's factors calculated in function of the results of the numerical analysis (FLAC) and safety's factors calculated by limit equilibrium methods in function of the potential rupture surfaces of the computational model. / [es] La evaluación de estabilidad del talud de la Mina Robert (Canadá) se realiza a través del campo de deslocamientos de marcos superficiales y subsuperficiales y posibles mecanismos de ruptura obtenidos a partir del análisis tensión-deformación utilizando el programa computacional FLAC (V. 3.30). Se adopta el empleo de los modelos constitutivos elástico perfectamente plástico y elasto-plástico con ablandamiento. Se calculan el factor de seguridad y el portentaje de la región de plastificación, y son definidas las características de comportamiento cinemático del talud bajo condiciones de recarga gravitacional. Se presenta un estudio de sensibilidad considerando las tensiones cisallantes y deslocamientos acumulados en función de la variación de los parámetros del macizo rocoso y de la inclinación del talud, además de nalisa factores asociados a la definición de los mecanismos de ruptura en términos de tensión - deformación. Finalmente, se presentan las comparaciones entre los factores de seguridad calculados en función de los resultados de la simulación numérica (FLAC) y los factores de seguridad calculados por equilibrio límite considerando las superfícies potenciales de ruptura provenientes del modelo computacional.

[pt] O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo mostrar a aplicabilidade prática da análise limite pelo método de elementos finitos na avaliação de problemas de estabilidade de talude, sendo este colocado como um problema de programação matemática, no qual se precisa realizar um processo de otimização para a solução do problema. Apresenta-se um método para obter a solução do problema de estabilidade de taludes utilizando para isso a programação matemática, e fazendo ênfase na utilidade da programação cônica da segunda ordem (SOCP). Inicialmente faz uma revisão das formulações da análise limite, via o método de elementos finitos, encontradas na literatura existente. A seguir é descrita a formulação da análise limite numérica partindo do principio do trabalho virtual para sua formulação, e utilizando a ferramenta dos elementos finitos para realizar a implementação numérica. São propostas diferentes formas de trabalhar com o critério de resistência do material, sendo a de melhor desempenho, em termos de tempo de processamento a forma cônica quadrática que permite acoplar a programação cônica da segunda ordem (SOCP) na ferramenta numérica. É acoplada a técnica da redução dos parâmetros de resistência do material com a finalidade de encontrar o fator de segurança da estrutura do talude (FS). Finalmente são apresentados exemplos de validação e aplicação, os quais permitem visualizar a eficiência da ferramenta desenvolvida em termos de tempo de processamento ao utilizar a programação cônica da segunda ordem (SOCP). Os resultados sugerem viabilidade da utilização da técnica estudada na solução de problemas relacionada à estabilidade de taludes. / [en] The main objective of this work is to show the practical applicability of limit analysis by finite element method in the evaluation of slope stability problems, and this placed as a mathematical programming problem, which you need to perform an optimization process to solve the problem. We present a method to obtain the solution of the problem of slope stability using for this mathematical programming, and making emphasis on the usefulness of the second order conic programming (SOCP). Initially, a review of formulations Limit Analysis via Finite Element Method, found in the existing literature. Then is described the Numerical Limit Analysis formulation starting from virtual work principle their formulation, and using Finite Element Method as a tool to carry out the numerical implementation. We propose different ways of working with the yield criterion of the material, being the best performing in terms of processing time the conic quadratic form that allows to coupling to the second order conic programming (SOCP) in numerical implementation. It is coupled to the technique of reducing the strength parameters of the material in order to find the safety factor of the slope of the structure (FS). Finally, examples are presented for validation and application, which allow you to view the efficiency of the developed implementation in terms of processing time with the use of second order conic programming (SOCP). The results suggest the feasibility of using the technique studied in the solution of problems related to Slope Stability.

Master thesis deals with a computing simulation of two props turbines lines. The thesis output is gaining maximum possible load, at which a commencement of deformation stability critical state for various geometrical imperfections has not arisen yet. The calculation has been done by FEM in two different ways: linear solution (using a calculation conversion into eigenbuckling) and nonlinear solution (using a FEM deformation option). Result analysis compares both methods outcomes. Safety factor for the props operation has been proposed taking into consideration known influences on operating state.

The ability to grip on petal surfaces is of crucial importance for the interactions between bees and flowers. In this thesis, I explore the biomechanics of attachment and morphological diversity of bee attachment devices, linking this to the behavioural ecology of bee interactions with flowers. Attachment devices come in two main kinds: claws or spines, and adhesive pads. Claw functioning is poorly described, particularly in terms of how their performance depends on body size, claw geometry, and surface roughness. Claw attachment performance was investigated using several insect species, each covering a large range of body masses. Weight-specific attachment forces decreased with body size, with claw sharpness seemingly playing a role. In bees there is considerable interspecific variation in tarsal claw morphology. This variation, and arolia presence/absence, was categorised for the large bee family Apidae. Cleft/bifid claws were shown to be present in the majority of the Apidae, often with differences between sexes and clades. Using Bombus terrestris, there was no evidence that cleft claws are important for pollen collection; however, I found that the inner tooth of cleft claws can act as a backup if the main tooth breaks. Although this may be one function of cleft claws, there are clearly other unresolved functions well worth further exploration. Investigations were undertaken to explore how petal surface roughness affects bee foraging behaviour. Lab-based foraging trials on B. terrestris visiting artificial flowers varying in slope, surface texture and sugar reward revealed a trade-off between the biomechanical difficulty of visiting and handling the ‘flowers’ and the quality of the reward offered. Flowers that were difficult to grip were often avoided even if they offered a higher reward. To further investigate reward preferences of bees, the effect of sucrose concentration on honey stomach offloading times was also explored. Although the majority of petals do have a rough surface, some have slippery petals. In the field, bumblebees avoided landing on slippery hollyhock petals in favour of the easy-to-grip staminal column. In contrast, honey bees, which are smaller and have larger adhesive pads, landed on both the staminal column and the petals. Slippery petals may be an adaptation to increase contact with plant reproductive structures. Grip is also important to allow the honey bee parasite Varroa destructor to climb on to their host. Attachment forces experiments found that V. destructor could support > 300 times their body mass on honey bees, giving them strong attachment even when bees attempt to remove them through grooming. A grooming-based device for treating V. destructor was tested in an apiary trial. The device was ineffective, providing valuable information for beekeepers considering using this product. In summary, this thesis improves our understanding of the biomechanics of attachment as well as identifying several important aspects of grip in bee-plant interactions.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In July, 2013, Brazil s new standard, NBR15575:2013, began to require minimum thermal, luminal, structural and acoustical performance levels in new constructions of residential dwellings. Thus, computer programs that simulate the sound transmission in buildings, can serve as important tools for professionals, enabling the verification of virtual acoustic performance of projects, quickly and economically. By being widely used in European countries, they have the database of existing elements and building systems in Europe. From this, this study aimed to evaluate a computational tool of simulation of sound transmission on the reality of Brazilian buildings. Twenty households were selected in the city of Santa Maria - RS, to be measured in situ and then simulated to airborne and impact noise. The residences were chosen according to standard and types of building systems. For greater representation of Brazilian buildings, residences of low, medium and high standards were chosen. The building systems chosen were structural masonry, structural walls with concrete or ceramic block; and reinforced concrete, with walls of hollow brick; all with massive concrete slab. The software used for the simulations was the SONarchitect and all the features and building elements used were entered into the software s database. The values of Lœn,T , Dn,T , and RT per frequency band, and their weighted values Lœn,T,w, Dn,T,w and mean RT were obtained through measurements and simulation. The weighted measured and simulated values were similar, on the other hand, the values obtained by frequency band showed disagreement with the lower frequencies precisely, from 50 Hz to 100 Hz. There was also a relationship of impact sound transmission loss with the area size of the partition, in which there is a significant increase in sound insulation in partitions with larger areas. In addition, coefficients and safety factors were determined for each standard and building system to be applied in the spectra of the simulations, aiming to bring the simulated values closer to the measured ones. Parallel with the evaluation of the computational tool, questionnaires with 150 professionals who develop acoustic projects in the country were applied. This step had as main objective to find out what tools and methods are mostly used by professionals in the development of these projects. From 31 received responses, it was determined that 20.88% of the professionals use a computational tool to develop designs. It was also possible to discover some features such as field of expertise and graduation year, which regions they are located, what kind of projects they develop and if they have already developed projects based on the new standard. / Com a entrada em vigor, em julho de 2013, da nova norma brasileira, NBR 15575:2013, passaram a ser exigidos nas novas construções de uso multifamiliar, níveis mínimos de desempenho, tais como térmico, ilumínico, estrutural e acústico. Dessa maneira, programas computacionais que simulam a transmissão sonora em edificações, podem servir como ferramentas importantes aos profissionais, permitindo a verificação do desempenho acústico virtual dos projetos, de forma rápida e econômica. Por serem amplamente utilizados nos países europeus, possuem banco de dados dos elementos e sistemas construtivos existentes na Europa. A partir disso, esse trabalho teve como objetivo a avaliação de uma ferramenta computacional, de simulação da transmissão sonora, para a realidade das construções brasileiras. Foram selecionadas 20 residências, na cidade de Santa Maria - RS, para serem medidas in loco e depois simuladas, aos ruídos aéreo e de impacto. As residências foram escolhidas, de acordo com padrão e sistemas construtivos. Para maior representatividade das construções brasileiras, foram escolhidas residências do padrão baixo, médio e alto. Os sistemas construtivos escolhidos foram alvenaria estrutural, com paredes de bloco estrutural de concreto ou cerâmico; e concreto armado, com paredes de tijolo vazado; todos com laje maciça de concreto. O programa utilizado para as simulações foi o SONarchitect e todas as características, dos elementos construtivos utilizados, foram inseridos no banco de dados do software. Foram obtidos os valores de Lœn,T , Dn,T,, e TR por banda de frequência, e seus valores ponderados de Lœn,T,w, Dn,T,w e TR médio, nas medições e simulações. Os valores ponderados medidos e simulados foram similares, por outro lado os valores obtidos por banda de frequência apresentaram divergência em relação às frequências mais baixas, precisamente de 50 Hz a 100 Hz. Verificou-se também uma relação da perda de transmissão sonora ao ruído de impacto com o tamanho da área da partição, na qual ocorre um aumento significativo no isolamento sonoro em partições com áreas maiores. Além disso, foram determinados coeficientes e fatores de segurança, para cada padrão e sistema construtivo, a serem aplicados nos espectros das simulações. Com o objetivo de aproximar os valores simulados dos valores medidos. Paralelamente à avaliação da ferramenta computacional, foram aplicados questionários com 150 profissionais que desenvolvem projetos acústicos no país. Essa etapa tinha como objetivo principal descobrir quais ferramentas e métodos são mais utilizados pelos profissionais no desenvolvimento desses projetos. A partir de 31 questionários respondidos, foi possível determinar que 20,88% dos profissionais utilizam alguma ferramenta computacional para desenvolver os projetos. Também foi possível descobrir algumas características desses profissionais como curso e ano de formação, quais as regiões que estão inseridos, que tipo de projetos desenvolvem e se já desenvolveram projetos baseados na nova norma.

The aim is to design economical and above all safe securing a deep notch, both in the construction phase and throughout the use of the building. In the first part of the thesis Background research will be given an idea of the construction of the geotechnical point of view. The second part will contain the geotechnical design calculation. The third part will be proposed safety recommendations in terms of geotechnical monitoring.

This master’s thesis is about possibility of fruit and vegetable process from agricultural raw material to food. The first part of thesis include information about machinery, devices and process line and describe how this devices work. The second part solve water tiltable device, this part explain what water tiltable device do, how work and describe structure of each subassembly. Next step solve the device by kinematics aspect and aspect of load analysis. Calculation is included in annex one. Results of annex one are used for FEM (finite element method) simulation of frame. Output of FEM simulation can be used for finding safety factor of displacement and strain, output data are used for optimization of device.