I examined the effect of Frankia spp. and ectomycorrhizal fungi on green alder (Alnus viridis ssp. crispa), growing in nutrient-poor soil and saline conditions. The first experiment involved inoculating green alder growing in low fertility soil with three species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Lactarius torminosus, Lactarius theiogalus, Hebeloma crustuliniforme) alone or in combination, with and without Frankia spp. on. Frankia spp. inoculation significantly increased plant performance compared to non-Frankia treatments. However, nodulated plant total biomass decreased with an increasing number of fungi. The second experiment examined the effect of Hebeloma crustuliniforme and Frankia spp. on green alder exposed to 0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl. Frankia spp. inoculation showed significant increase on plant performance but Hebeloma crustuliniforme did not. Plant mass, root:shoot ratio, nodule allocation and total nitrogen fixation decreased with NaCl exposure. A decrease in root:shoot ratio caused by salt was more moderate in nodulated plants compared to non-nodulated plants. / October 2016

Soil salinity affects an estimated one billion hectares worldwide. Excess salinity inhibits plant growth, limiting crop production. This is caused by osmotic stress in saline soil, nutrient imbalance and specific ion toxicity. There have been many methods of remediation investigated, including excavation, soil washing and phytoremediation. Phytoremediation involves the growth of plants on impacted soils to degrade or sequester contaminants. The remediation of salts relies on the uptake of ions into plant biomass where the salt is sequestered and the biomass can then be harvested. This method removes the salt from the site and leaves the top soil in place, which aids in revegetation after site remediation is completed. Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) improves plant growth by lowering the levels of stress ethylene within the plant, thereby increasing the biomass available to sequester ions. The objectives of this research were to investigate the efficiency of phytoremediation of salt impacted soils in field remediation sites. Previously isolated strains of PGPR (UW3, Pseudomonas putida; UW4, Pseudomonas putida; and CMH3, Pseudomonas corrugata) were used in field trials involving the planting of oats (Avena sativa), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea C.V. Inferno). The salt tolerance of various switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cultivars (Cave-In-Rock, Southlow, Forestburg, and common) was compared to tall wheatgrass and Inferno tall fescue to investigate the potential of switchgrass for phytoremediation. Improvement of seed germination under salt stress by H2O2 pre-treatment was investigated both as an individual treatment and in combination with CMH3 treatment. The ion uptake into plant biomass was iii compared to the change in salinity, to determine how much of the decrease in site salinity is accounted for by uptake of salt by plants. H2O2 pretreatment resulted in a 50% increase in root and shoot emergence of tall wheatgrass under 75 mM NaCl stress compared to control treatments, which matched the germination improvement observed with PGPR treatment. The combination of H2O2 and CMH3 showed a similar improvement to root emergence under stress, but had no observable effect on shoot emergence when compared to the no-H2O2-no-PGPR control. Switchgrass cultivars showed a lower germination rate than tall wheatgrass at salt levels from 0 mM to 150 mM NaCl. The measured uptake of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl- into plant biomass during a phytoremediation field trial was able to account for approximately 70% of the observed change in salinity in 2008. In 2009 the uptake of Na+ and Cl- into Kochia scoparia, a weed species that invaded the field site after a hard frost, was able to account for 36% of the observed change in salinity.

Soil salinity affects an estimated one billion hectares worldwide. Excess salinity inhibits plant growth, limiting crop production. This is caused by osmotic stress in saline soil, nutrient imbalance and specific ion toxicity. There have been many methods of remediation investigated, including excavation, soil washing and phytoremediation. Phytoremediation involves the growth of plants on impacted soils to degrade or sequester contaminants. The remediation of salts relies on the uptake of ions into plant biomass where the salt is sequestered and the biomass can then be harvested. This method removes the salt from the site and leaves the top soil in place, which aids in revegetation after site remediation is completed. Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) improves plant growth by lowering the levels of stress ethylene within the plant, thereby increasing the biomass available to sequester ions. The objectives of this research were to investigate the efficiency of phytoremediation of salt impacted soils in field remediation sites. Previously isolated strains of PGPR (UW3, Pseudomonas putida; UW4, Pseudomonas putida; and CMH3, Pseudomonas corrugata) were used in field trials involving the planting of oats (Avena sativa), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea C.V. Inferno). The salt tolerance of various switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cultivars (Cave-In-Rock, Southlow, Forestburg, and common) was compared to tall wheatgrass and Inferno tall fescue to investigate the potential of switchgrass for phytoremediation. Improvement of seed germination under salt stress by H2O2 pre-treatment was investigated both as an individual treatment and in combination with CMH3 treatment. The ion uptake into plant biomass was iii compared to the change in salinity, to determine how much of the decrease in site salinity is accounted for by uptake of salt by plants. H2O2 pretreatment resulted in a 50% increase in root and shoot emergence of tall wheatgrass under 75 mM NaCl stress compared to control treatments, which matched the germination improvement observed with PGPR treatment. The combination of H2O2 and CMH3 showed a similar improvement to root emergence under stress, but had no observable effect on shoot emergence when compared to the no-H2O2-no-PGPR control. Switchgrass cultivars showed a lower germination rate than tall wheatgrass at salt levels from 0 mM to 150 mM NaCl. The measured uptake of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl- into plant biomass during a phytoremediation field trial was able to account for approximately 70% of the observed change in salinity in 2008. In 2009 the uptake of Na+ and Cl- into Kochia scoparia, a weed species that invaded the field site after a hard frost, was able to account for 36% of the observed change in salinity.

Com o intuito de contribuir para os estudos referentes à tolerância e efeitos da salinidade causada por excesso de fertilizantes nas principais culturas exploradas nacionalmente, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos estudar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de salinidade do solo sobre as variáveis fenológicas e de produção do pepino cultivado em vasos e em ambiente protegido, e averiguar se a manutenção da condutividade elétrica em um determinado nível promove incremento da produção quando contrastada com o manejo tradicional da fertirrigação. Este estudo foi conduzido na experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP. Os tratamentos foram compostos da combinação de dois fatores: 6 níveis de salinidade inicial do solo (S1 = 1,5; S2 = 2,5; S3 = 3,5; S4 = 4,5; S5 = 5,5 e S6 = 6,5 dS m-1) e dois manejos de fertirrigação: tradicional (M1) e com controle da condutividade elétrica da solução do solo (M2). O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o de blocos casualizados completos com quatro repetições, ficando os fatores estudados arranjados no esquema fatorial 6 x 2. A salinização inicial do solo se procedeu por meio da aplicação de soluções salinas preparadas a partir de fertilizantes, sendo que a quantidade de sais a ser adicionada foi determinada tomando por base uma curva de salinização artificial obtida previamente em laboratório. A condutividade elétrica da solução foi medida após o término de cada evento de irrigação, utilizando-se extratores com cápsulas porosas. Os resultados mostram que houve efeito significativo, para todos os fatores estudados e para variáveis respostas estudadas, com exceção da variável altura de plantas. O manejo M1 proporcionou uma maior produção de frutos por planta, total e comercial, em relação ao manejo M2. Embora a literatura cite que a cultura do pepino seja moderadamente sensível a salinidade, o valor encontrado para a salinidade limiar (SL), sob condições do referente estudo, ficou bem acima dos níveis encontrados na literatura. / With intention of contributing for the studies regarding the tolerance and effect of the salinity caused by fertilizer excess in the main explored cultures, the present work has had as objective to study the effect of different levels of ground salinity on the phenology variable and of production of the cucumber cultivated in vases and protected environment, and to check if the maintenance of the electric conductivity in one determined level promotes increment of the production when contrasted with the traditional management of fertirrigation. This study was lead in the experimental area of the Department of rural Engineering of ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP. The treatments had been composed of the combination of two factors: 6 levels of initial salinity of the ground (S1 = 1,5; S2 = 2,5; S3 = 3,5; S4 = 4,5; S5 = 5,5 and 6,5 S6 = dS m-1) and two fertirrigation management: traditional (M1) and with control of the electric conductivity of the solution of the soil (M2). The adopted statistical delineation was of complete random blocks with the four repetitions, being the studied factors arranged in factorial project 6 x 2. The initial salinization of the soil was proceeded by means of the application of saline solutions prepared from fertilizers, being that the amount of salt was to be added was determined based a in curve of artificial salinization previously gotten in laboratory. The electric conductivity of the solution was measured after the ending of each event of irrigation, using extracts with porous capsules. The results show that it had significant effect, for all the studied factors and changeable studied answers, except for the changeable height of plants. The M1 management provided a great yield of fruits per plant, total and negatiable, in relation to management M2. Literature states that the culture of the cucumber is moderately sensitive to the salinity, and the value found for the salinity threshold (SL), under conditions of the referring study, was well above of the levels found in the literature.

Salty soils are recognized as an ever increasing problem connected with irrigation agriculture. Millions have been spent by state, federal and private agencies on technical research in an attempt to solve this problem. Other millions have been spent on drainage projects, land leveling, field explorations and soil amendments attempting to alleviate the situation in the field. Physical conditions such as lack of drainage outlets or the impermeable nature of soils may prevent reclamation. Some areas are physically capable of drainage but the cost would be excessive. This condition necessitates the production of salt tolerant and sometimes water tolerant crops if such lands are to give any returns. Other lands may produce such crops during the reclamation period. Plants are known to vary in their ability to grow under salty conditions; however, salt tolerance does not insure profitable production. Some highly tolerant plants have little economic value and/or their production on salty soil may be very low. Some plants are known to be salt tolerant in the mature stage but sensitive in the seedling stage. This study concerns the emergence and survival of certain forage plants when seeded in a saline soil. The techniques used in approaching this problem have been modified since this study was conducted.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-28T16:01:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Monaliza Alves dos Santos.pdf: 1927545 bytes, checksum: 26c12cd3db676a62533e1dcb39b9618c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T16:01:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monaliza Alves dos Santos.pdf: 1927545 bytes, checksum: 26c12cd3db676a62533e1dcb39b9618c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Salt degraded area reclamation is an important strategy for the optimal use of natural resources and agricultural productivity. In this sense, salt removal by tolerant crops is a viable alternative, emerging as an efficient and low cost technology. Plant species such as Atriplex nummularia have recognized efficiency in salt affected soils reclamation and is disseminated throughout the world, however, it has not spread knowledge in Brazilian semiarid region. The study of more accepted species, as their adaptability and ability to reclaim saline soils, can increases products supply and reduces consumer pressure on native vegetation. So, this study was carried to investigate use possibility of plant species: sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth), leucena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit.), neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and oldman saltbush (Atriplex nummularia L.) for reforestation of salt degraded areas, in single and intercropped manure, evaluating plants growth in field, their physiological behavior and soil properties under cultivation. For this, the design utilized was in four randomized block in field, with four individualized treatments with four selected species, three intercropped treatments with the other three species and atriplex two by two, and a control treatment (no crop), totaling eight treatments, in 32 experimental plots. The soil salinity did not influence plant growth of saltbush, neem and leucena, however, it reduce the levels of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ for all plants. Plant species responded differently for, physiological, biochemical and water relations variables. However, crop treatments promoted improvements in soil chemical and physical quality. Soil salinity (EC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) were significantly reduced compared to control treatment. Average PST (%) and EC (dS m-1) were 45.88 and 4.63 (control), 9.69 and 0.96 (Atr), 17.39 and 1.64 (Atr x Leuc), 19.63 and 2.00 (Atr x Nim), 22.60 and 2.25 (Atr x Sab), 23.27 and 2.73 (Leuc), 27.72 and 3.02 (Nim), and 25.10 and 4.48 (Sab), respectively. The phytoremediation treatments reduced the levels of Na+ e Cl- in soil. Physical attributes improvement was found by evolution in porosity and macroporosity increasing and soil density reducing. In addition, treatments effect was evidenced by hydraulic conductivity increase, until three times higher than control, in crop treatments there was a decrease of 23.68 g kg-1 in water dispersed clay, whereas in the control treatment was observed an opposite behavior, with increase of 18.33 g kg-1 in clay dispersion during experiment. So, the species Atriplex nummularia, Azadirachta indica, Leucaena leucocephala and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia can be recommended as phytoremediation crops in salt affected soils in Brazilian semiarid. / A recuperação de áreas degradadas por sais é uma estratégia relevante para a utilização mais adequada dos recursos naturais e produtividade agrícola. Nesse sentido, a remoção de sais por culturas tolerantes é uma alternativa viável, surgindo como uma tecnologia eficiente e de baixo custo. Espécies de plantas como a Atriplex nummularia têm reconhecida eficiência na recuperação de solos afetados por sais, sendo bastante disseminadas pelo mundo, no entanto, não é de conhecimento difundido no semiárido brasileiro. O estudo de espécies de maior aceitação, quanto à adaptabilidade e capacidade de recuperação de solos salinos, poderá elevar a oferta de produtos e reduzir a pressão de consumo sobre a vegetação nativa da Caatinga. Assim, este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de verificar a possibilidade de uso das espécies vegetais: sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth), leucena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit), nim indiano (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) e atriplex (Atriplex nummularia L.) na revegetação de áreas de solos degradados por sais, isoladamente ou em consórcio, avaliando o crescimento das plantas em campo, seu comportamento fisiológico, bem como as propriedades do solo sob o cultivo. Para isso, foram montados quatro blocos casualizados em campo, com quatro tratamentos individualizados das quatro espécies selecionadas, outros três da associação das outras três espécies com a atriplex duas a duas, e um tratamento controle (sem cultivo), totalizando oito tratamentos, em 32 parcelas experimentais. A salinidade do solo não influenciou no crescimento de atriplex, nim e leucena; contudo, reduziu os teores de Ca2+ e Mg2+ nas folhas de todas as plantas. As espécies vegetais responderam de forma diferente quanto às variáveis fisiológicas, bioquímicas e hídricas. No entanto, a implantação de todos os tratamentos promoveu melhorias na qualidade química e física do solo. A salinidade do solo (CE) e a porcentagem de sódio trocável (PST) foram significativamente reduzidas em comparação com o tratamento controle. A PST (%) e CE (dS m-1) média foram 45,88 e 4,63 (controle), 9,69 e 0,96 (Atr), 17,39 e 1,64 (Atr x Leuc), 19,63 e 2,00 (Atr x Nim), 22,60 e 2,25 (Atr x Sab), 23,27 e 2,73 (Leuc), 27,72 e 3,02 (Nim) e 25,10 e 4,48 (Sab), respectivamente. Os tratamentos de fitorremediação influenciaram na redução dos níveis de Na+ e Cl- no solo. A melhoria nos atributos físicos foi constatada com o aumento da porosidade total e macroporosidade e redução da densidade do solo. Além disso, o efeito dos tratamentos foi comprovado pelo incremento na condutividade hidráulica, até três vezes superior ao tratamento controle, paralelamente, com o plantio das espécies, houve decréscimo de 23,68 g kg-1 nos teores de argila dispersa em água, enquanto que no tratamento controle foi observado um comportamento contrário, havendo incremento de 18,33 g kg-1 nos valores de argila dispersa, no decorrer do experimento. Diante do exposto as espécies Atriplex nummularia, Azadirachta indica, Leucaena leucocephala e Mimosa caesalpiniifolia podem ser recomendadas na fitorremediação de solos afetados por sais.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-06T13:11:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Edivan Rodrigues de Souza (1).pdf: 935002 bytes, checksum: 814ab3406904eb74d9b9815203ca58d6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-06T13:11:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edivan Rodrigues de Souza (1).pdf: 935002 bytes, checksum: 814ab3406904eb74d9b9815203ca58d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Due to environmental and economic impacts of salinity and sodicity in soils, forms of recovery of theses soils contribute to improving the productivity and sustainability of farming systems and techniques for recovering theses soils is phytoremediation, using efficient plants at extracting of salts from soils. This study aims to evaluate the growth, production and extraction of salts by Atriplex nummularia grown on saline-sodic soil under water stress conditions, to compare soil properties before and after their cultivation, and to evaluate the osmotic potential of soil solution and morphoanatomy of vesicular cells accumulation of salts. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse for 134 days, by growing Atriplex nummularia in pots with 20 kg of saline sodic with four levels of soil moisture (35, 55, 75 and 95% of field capacity) with a control (soil without plant). The experiment was performed in a randomized block with eight replications. The height, diameter and yield of dry leaf, stem and root were sensitive to soil moisture, and humidity corresponding to 75 and 95% of field capacity which resulted in better results. The vesicular cells of Atriplex nummularia were sensitive to variations in water content in soil. The variables of the exchangeable cations (Ca2+,Mg2+, K+, sum of bases) and total organic carbon remained stable between the beginning and end of the experiment in all treatments, while Na+ and exchangeable sodium percentage decreased after cultivation of the plant. In the soil solution the dynamics of the elements was evidenced by observing increases in Ca2+ Mg2+, Na+, Cl- and osmotic potential at the end of the cycle. The measurement of osmotic potential can be indicated as a good attribute for evaluating responses to treatments with hidric stress and saline water in plant and soil. The high concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and especially Na+ and Cl- in leaves of Atriplex nummularia, associated with high dry matter production characterizes this species as plant phytoextraction of salts. / Devido aos impactos ambientais e econômicos da salinidade e sodicidade em solos, formas de recuperação desses solos contribuem sobremaneira para a melhoria da produtividade e sustentabilidade dos sistemas agrícolas e uma das técnicas de recuperação destes solos é a fitorremediação, com a utilização de plantas eficientes na extração de sais dos solos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento, a produção e extração de sais pela Atriplex nummularia Lindl. cultivada em solo salino sódico sob condições de estresse hídrico, comparar propriedades do solo antes e após seu cultivo, além de avaliar o potencial osmótico da solução do solo e das folhas e analisar a morfoanatomia das células vesiculares acumuladoras de sais. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação durante 134 dias, cultivando-se Atriplex nummularia em vasos com 20 kg de solo salino sódico em quatro níveis de umidade (35, 55, 75 e 95% da capacidade de campo), com um tratamento controle (sem cultivo), montados em blocos casualizados, com oito repetições. A altura, o diâmetro e as produções de massa seca de folha, caule e raiz foram sensíveis à umidade do solo, sendo as umidades correspondentes a 75 e 95% da capacidade de campo as que possibilitaram os melhores resultados. As células vesiculares de Atriplex nummularia foram sensíveis a variações do teor de água no solo. As variáveis do complexo sortivo do solo (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, soma de bases) e o carbono orgânico total permaneceram estáveis entre o início e final do experimento em todos os tratamentos, enquanto o Na+ e a percentagem de sódio trocável diminuíram após o cultivo da planta. Na solução do solo a dinâmica dos elementos foi evidenciada, observando aumentos de Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl- e potencial osmótico ao final do ciclo. A medida de potencial osmótico pode ser indicada como um bom atributo para avaliar as respostas de tratamentos com estesse hídrico e água salina em planta e solo. As altas concentrações de Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ e, especialmente Na+ e Cl- nas folhas de Atriplex nummularia, associadas à elevada produção de massa seca caracteriza esta espécie como planta fitoextratora de sais.

Com o intuito de contribuir para os estudos referentes à tolerância e efeitos da salinidade causada por excesso de fertilizantes nas principais culturas exploradas nacionalmente, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos estudar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de salinidade do solo sobre as variáveis fenológicas e de produção do pepino cultivado em vasos e em ambiente protegido, e averiguar se a manutenção da condutividade elétrica em um determinado nível promove incremento da produção quando contrastada com o manejo tradicional da fertirrigação. Este estudo foi conduzido na experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP. Os tratamentos foram compostos da combinação de dois fatores: 6 níveis de salinidade inicial do solo (S1 = 1,5; S2 = 2,5; S3 = 3,5; S4 = 4,5; S5 = 5,5 e S6 = 6,5 dS m-1) e dois manejos de fertirrigação: tradicional (M1) e com controle da condutividade elétrica da solução do solo (M2). O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o de blocos casualizados completos com quatro repetições, ficando os fatores estudados arranjados no esquema fatorial 6 x 2. A salinização inicial do solo se procedeu por meio da aplicação de soluções salinas preparadas a partir de fertilizantes, sendo que a quantidade de sais a ser adicionada foi determinada tomando por base uma curva de salinização artificial obtida previamente em laboratório. A condutividade elétrica da solução foi medida após o término de cada evento de irrigação, utilizando-se extratores com cápsulas porosas. Os resultados mostram que houve efeito significativo, para todos os fatores estudados e para variáveis respostas estudadas, com exceção da variável altura de plantas. O manejo M1 proporcionou uma maior produção de frutos por planta, total e comercial, em relação ao manejo M2. Embora a literatura cite que a cultura do pepino seja moderadamente sensível a salinidade, o valor encontrado para a salinidade limiar (SL), sob condições do referente estudo, ficou bem acima dos níveis encontrados na literatura. / With intention of contributing for the studies regarding the tolerance and effect of the salinity caused by fertilizer excess in the main explored cultures, the present work has had as objective to study the effect of different levels of ground salinity on the phenology variable and of production of the cucumber cultivated in vases and protected environment, and to check if the maintenance of the electric conductivity in one determined level promotes increment of the production when contrasted with the traditional management of fertirrigation. This study was lead in the experimental area of the Department of rural Engineering of ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP. The treatments had been composed of the combination of two factors: 6 levels of initial salinity of the ground (S1 = 1,5; S2 = 2,5; S3 = 3,5; S4 = 4,5; S5 = 5,5 and 6,5 S6 = dS m-1) and two fertirrigation management: traditional (M1) and with control of the electric conductivity of the solution of the soil (M2). The adopted statistical delineation was of complete random blocks with the four repetitions, being the studied factors arranged in factorial project 6 x 2. The initial salinization of the soil was proceeded by means of the application of saline solutions prepared from fertilizers, being that the amount of salt was to be added was determined based a in curve of artificial salinization previously gotten in laboratory. The electric conductivity of the solution was measured after the ending of each event of irrigation, using extracts with porous capsules. The results show that it had significant effect, for all the studied factors and changeable studied answers, except for the changeable height of plants. The M1 management provided a great yield of fruits per plant, total and negatiable, in relation to management M2. Literature states that the culture of the cucumber is moderately sensitive to the salinity, and the value found for the salinity threshold (SL), under conditions of the referring study, was well above of the levels found in the literature.

<p>Rural people around the 4 km2 Orathupalayam Dam in southern India live in one of India’s most polluted areas. The people were once restricted mainly by scarcity of water but today they cannot drink their well water or cultivate their soil. The dam, created to store floodwater from the Noyyal River, also stores effluent water from the more than 700 dyeing and bleaching industries situated in the town of Tiruppur, 20 km upstream. Although most industries have treatment plants they do not treat total dissolved solids (TDS) and thus NaCl becomes one of the major components of the effluent. 75 to 100 million litres of effluents are released every day.</p><p>Through water sampling in open and bore wells, and with the help of GPS, ArcView and Surfer it could be concluded that high TDS levels and concentrations of Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ were associated with the dam. A definite spatial pattern of the spreading of polluted water could be determined. Water from the dam was fed to the ground water all around the dam and also affected the groundwater more than 4 km to the southeast. Soil samples and interviews with farmers made it clear that land irrigated with dam water or affected well water soon became uncultivable. The water destroyed the soil structure and seeds did not germinate after irrigation with polluted water.</p><p>Through interviews it could be concluded that the local people around the dam paid a large part of the externalities of the polluting activities of the textile industries in terms of negative health effects and lost agricultural land, water resources, fishing and working opportunities. These problems have mostly been caused by the high salt concentration in the effluents but it is unclear to what extent other substances have caused or might cause harmful effects to the environment, people and animals.</p>

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-09T12:17:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Guilherme Medeiros Pessoa.pdf: 2744697 bytes, checksum: 2d9e9d6369481163d66a09044aa1bede (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T12:17:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Guilherme Medeiros Pessoa.pdf: 2744697 bytes, checksum: 2d9e9d6369481163d66a09044aa1bede (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The sodification and salinization of soil are the main types of degradation of semiarid of Pernambuco. In extreme cases, the vegetation does not develop in these soils, making them desertified. Consequently, there is an abandonment of these areas. Nowadays, a may does not exist identifying these areas for Pernambuco state, which could be done through tools such as Remote Sensing and GIS. This study was conducted in order to identify and diagnose areas affected by salinization and sodification in the semiarid area of Pernambuco. A study was conducted in the laboratory to understand the spectral behavior of different types of salts in two representative soils. These soils were leached with saline solutions of CaCl2.2H2O, MgCl2.2H2O, KCl and NaCl at concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2 mol L-1. There was an increase in reflectance of crusts with increasing wavelength; however, there was a reduction in the reflectance with increasing salt concentrations of the solution applied to the four kinds of salts, in both soils. The intensity of reflectance was increased in the salts studied: NaCl > KCl > MgCl2.2H2O > CaCl2.2H2O, where the Arenosol showed higher reflectance in relation to Fluvisol, between concentrations and different salts. Afterward, with the intent to understand the spectral behavior of different salt levels and their correlation with the soil properties, a field investigation was conducted in which soil samples were collected from four representative watersheds: Brígida, Terra Nova, Pajeú and Moxotó that have varying degrees of salinity and sodicity within the semiarid region of Pernambuco. It was observed that there was an increase in reflectance with increasing wavelength to the spectral response in all salinity and sodicity levels and the variable Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) had good correlation coefficients obtained with the positive spectral reflectance bands in virtually all soil sample tested, while the variable fine sand obtained negative coefficients. For the identification of these areas affected by salts and sodium, a map showing the spatial distribution of pH, electrical conductivity, ESP and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) was done using a GIS tool. This study indicates that strongest association between cations and anions was the formation of sulfate and chlorides species where Na+ ions (exchangeable and soluble), HCO3- and Cl- ions are those that contribute most to the increase of salinity and sodicity in soils of the semiarid state of Pernambuco. The most area affected by sodium exchangeable and soluble is located especially on Moxotó watershed by the ESP and SAR levels. The Moxotó watershed indicated the worst levels of degradation by salinity and sodicity among the others. The EPIC model was used to assess how different management practices can predict corn yield and the soil salinity status. Three soil profiles from Moxotó watershed were used and the scenarios simulated included drip, furrow irrigation, and trigger irrigation (0.1 and 1 levels). This study found that the best irrigation strategy for corn yields grown was drip irrigation and trigger irrigation at a level of 0.1. However, for low water content applied, the trigger irrigation 1 should be used. Finally, with the intent to describe soil profiles in some critical areas, four soil profiles were evaluated. Soil samples were collected from the municipalities of Ibirimim, Parnamirim and Serra Talhada in Pernambuco. The soils studied have profiles with characteristic features of the Neossolos Flúvicos and Cambisolos soil. A strong relationship with these orders salinity problems in the semiarid region of Pernambuco was determined. The profiles in the study had high levels of salts and sodium with increasing depth. Furthermore, the predominance of fine particles in salt affected soils have been a factor which tended to complicate the recovery of these soils. / A sodificação e salinização do solo são os principais tipos de degradação do semi-árido de Pernambuco. Em casos extremos , a vegetação não se desenvolve nestes solos , tornando-as degradadas. Conseqüentemente, há um abandono destas áreas. Hoje em dia, pode não existir a identificação dessas áreas para o estado de Pernambuco , o que poderia ser feito por meio de ferramentas como o sensoriamento remoto e SIG. Este estudo foi realizado a fim de identificar e diagnosticar as áreas afetadas pela salinização e sodificação no semi-árido de Pernambuco. Um estudo foi realizado no laboratório para entender o comportamento espectral de diferentes tipos de sais em dois solos representativos. Estes solos foram lixiviados com soluções salinas de CaCl2.2H2O, MgCl2.2H2O, KCl e de NaCl em concentrações de 0,5, 1 e 2 mol L -1. Houve um aumento na reflectância de crostas com o aumento do comprimento de onda, no entanto, houve uma redução na reflectância com concentrações crescentes de sal da solução aplicada aos quatro tipos de sais , em ambos os solos. A intensidade de reflectância aumentada nos sais estudados: NaCl > KCl > MgCl2.2H2O > CaCl2.2H2O, onde o Arenosol apresentaram maior reflectância em relação ao Fluvissolo, entre as concentrações de sais e diferentes. Depois, com a intenção de entender o comportamento espectral de diferentes níveis de sal e sua correlação com as propriedades do solo, uma investigação de campo foi conduzido em que as amostras de solo foram coletadas a partir de quatro bacias representativas: Brígida , Terra Nova, Pajeú e Moxotó , que têm diferentes graus de salinidade e sodicidade na região semi-árida de Pernambuco. Observou-se que houve um aumento na reflectância com o aumento do comprimento de onda para a resposta espectral em todos os níveis de salinidade e sodicidade e a variável percentagem de sódio trocável (ESP ) tinha bons coeficientes de correlação obtidas com as bandas positivas de reflectância espectrais em virtualmente todas as amostras de solo testado enquanto a variável areia fina obteve coeficientes negativos. Para a identificação destas áreas afetadas por sais e sódio, um mapa que mostra a distribuição espacial de pH, condutividade elétrica, relação de adsorção de sódio ( SAR) e ESP foi feito usando uma ferramenta GIS. Este estudo indica que a forte associação entre cátions e ânions foi a formação de sulfato e espécies cloretos onde Na + íons ( trocável e solúvel), HCO3 - e Cl- íons são aqueles que mais contribuem para o aumento da salinidade e sodicidade dos solos do semi-árido estado de Pernambuco. A área mais afetada por sódio trocável e solúvel está localizado especialmente no Moxotó divisor de águas pelos níveis SAR e ESP. O divisor de águas Moxotó indicou os piores níveis de degradação de salinidade e sodicidade entre os outros. O modelo EPIC foi usado para avaliar a forma como as diferentes práticas de gestão pode prever o rendimento do milho e do estado da salinidade do solo. Três perfis de solo Moxotó na bacia, foram utilizados e os cenários simulados incluído por gotejamento, irrigação por sulco e irrigação trigger ( 0,1 e 1 níveis). Este estudo concluiu que a melhor estratégia de irrigação para a produção de milho cultivados era de irrigação por gotejamento e de irrigação gatilho a um nível de 0,1. No entanto, para um baixo teor de água aplicada, a um gatilho de irrigação deverão ser utilizados . Finalmente, com a intenção de descrever perfis de solo em algumas áreas críticas, foram avaliadas quatro perfis de solo. As amostras de solo foram coletadas a partir dos municípios de Ibirimim, Parnamirim e Serra Talhada, em Pernambuco. Os solos estudados têm perfis com características do Neossolos Flúvicos e Cambisolos solo. A forte relação com estas ordens de problemas de salinidade na região semi-árida de Pernambuco foi determinado. Os perfis no estudo tinham níveis elevados de sais e sódio com o aumento da profundidade. Além disso, a predominância de partículas finas em solos afetados por sais ter sido um fator que tende a complicar a recuperação desses solos.