The use of a patterned resistive sheet as an infrared-selective absorber, including the effects of a mechanical support dielectric layer is discussed. Also, modified dielectric coated Salisbury Screen can improve both the wavelength selectivity and the speed of thermal response for microbolometers. These patterned resistive sheets and Modified dielectric coated Salisbury Screen are a modified form of classical Salisbury Screens that utilize a resistive absorber layer placed a quarter-wavelength in front of a mirror. These structures can show a narrower detection bandwidth when compared to conventional microbolometers. For a Modified dielectric coated Salisbury Screen for multi-spectral system, wavelength selectivity can be varied by changing the distance to the mirror, and for patterned resistive sheet, wavelength selectivity can be varied by changing the lithographically drawn parameters of the array. Hence, different pixels in a focal plane array can be designed to produce a “multi-color” infrared imaging system. Also, the thermal mass of microbolometer is reduced using patterned resistive structure. / text

This study traces the imperial ideas of Lord Salisbury (1830--1903) who was both British prime minister and foreign secretary in 1885, 1886--1892, and 1895--1900. In 1900 he resigned as foreign secretary but remained prime minister until 1902. Previous research on Lord Salisbury has neglected his imperial thought and has seen him as essentially a pragmatist. Instead, this work argues that his outlook consisted of High Anglican Christian faith, and Tory beliefs which were modified by contemporary liberalism. This trilogy of convictions can be seen in his view of British domestic politics and in each of the issues which are examined in detail: namely, his reaction to the American Civil War, his view of India, his reflections on nationalist movements, his role at the Congress of Berlin, his perspective on the civilizing mission and the partition of Africa, his ideas on race, his thoughts on Ireland, Egypt and the Sudan, his opinion on the colonies of settlement, Imperial Federation, and the South African War in 1899. Essentially, this study revises the existing historiography by demonstrating that Salisbury's Christian faith was a central feature of his approach to diplomatic and imperial affairs.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Colgate Rochester Divinity School, Crozer Theological Seminary, 2000. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-210).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Colgate Rochester Divinity School, Crozer Theological Seminary, 2000. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-210).

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Thesis (M.Sc.(Agricultural Management )) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / Avocado fruit ‘Hass’ harvested during early-season and exposed to temperature at 5.5°C for 28 d are susceptible to chilling injury (CI); and therefore, develop poor skin colour during ripening. In ‘Hass’ avocado fruit, skin colour change during ripening is used by European market to indicate fruit ripeness and softness. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of hot water (HW) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) as postharvest treatment dips to mitigate CI; and thereby, enhance ‘Hass’ avocado fruit peel colour during ripening. Fruit were harvested randomly from 5 selected trees treated alike during early season (April 2018); and thereafter, transported to the laboratory. At the laboratory, experiments of this study were divided into 2: experiment (1) fruit were dipped into HW (38, 42 and 46°C for 30, 25 and 20 min, respectively); and experiment (2) fruit were dipped into MJ (10 and 100 µmol/L for 2 min) treatments. In both experiments after these treatments, fruit were allowed to dry for 60 minutes at ambient (±25°C) temperature and untreated fruit were used as control. Thereafter, fruit were stored at commercial shipping temperature (5.5°C) for up to 28 d. After removal from cold storage, fruit were ripened at ambient temperature (±25°C) and evaluated every after 2 d for weight loss, firmness loss, objective colour parameters (lightness-L*, chroma-C* and hue angle-h*), subjective colour (eye colour) and ripening percentage. However, chilling injury (CI) and electrolyte leakage (EL) were evaluated immediately after removal from cold storage. The results showed that HW significantly (P< 0.05) increased weight and firmness loss during ripening. Furthermore, HW reduced EL and external chilling injury (ECI) of ‘Hass’ avocado fruit during cold storage. In addition, the results showed that HW had significant effect (P< 0.05) on colour parameter L* and eye colour rating, but did not affect (P> 0.05) C* and h*. Avocado ‘Hass’ fruit subjected to HW at 42°C/25 and 46°C/20 min developed purple colour (eye colour rating 4.47 and 4.36, respectively) during ripening when compared with HW at 38°C/30 min and control fruit. Moreover, results showed that dipping fruit in 10 µmol/L had a significant effect (P< 0.05) on reducing weight loss during ripening. Methyl jasmonate (10 and 100 µmol/L) treatment reduced EL and alleviated external chilling injury (ECI) of ‘Hass’ fruit during cold storage. The results showed that MJ (10 and 100 µmol/L) treatments had significant effect (P< 0.05) on colour parameter L*, h* and eye colour rating, but did not affect (P> 0.05) C*. Furthermore, ‘Hass’ fruit treated with 10 and 100 µmol/L MJ reached the purple skin colour (eye rating 5.39 and 5.19, respectively) during ripening. Fruit dipped in MJ (10 µmol/L) had low weight loss when compared with fruit treated with MJ (100 µmol/L). In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that HW (42°C/25 minutes) and MJ (10 µmol/L) effectively alleviated external chilling injury; and therefore, improved ‘Hass’ skin colour development during ripening / Agricultural Research Council-Institute (Agriseta) and University of Limpopo

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Masonry spires are a typical part of church architecture. Since it is rare that masonry is used as a load-bearing material in the western world today, it is important to maintain and increase the knowledge of modelling masonry structures both from a maintenance point of view and to build new masonry structures. The purpose of this master thesis is to look at and evaluate some different methods to model masonry spires exposed to common loads such as gravity, settlement and wind. The spire of the Salisbury Cathedral is used as a template regarding geometry and mechanical properties for the modelling methods. Two modelling methods are used in the master’s thesis. The first one is the limit analysis method applied to masonry. It is used to calculate a critical thickness for the masonry of the spire for a severe wind load. The second method is the Finite Element Method (FEM). The commercial finite element software Abaqus is used to create the model and the discretization used with the FE modelling is the macro-modelling approach. Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) in Abaqus is used as the material model and adapted to masonry. The finite element model consists of the spire itself along with the supporting structure beneath it down to the piers. Four different simulations (jobs) are run with varying wind direction and two of them have settling piers. The results from the finite element simulations indicate that the membrane stresses in the spire faces for the various jobs were not significantly different from one another. One of the jobs with settling piers could not be completed because the tensile stresses in the arches reached the tensile strength capacity of the material. The other simulation with a settlement that did complete did not have any significant difference in stress compared with the simulations without settlements. While the arches and the piers underwent plastic straining the spire itself did not. The stress levels there remained in the linear range for all the completed simulations. The finite element results also agree with the limit analysis. These findings call into question some of the modelling choices. The inclusion of the structure beneath the spire in the finite element model, as a way to study the effect of settlements, did not give more insight into the spire’s behaviour. Furthermore, the method to implement settlements was too inaccurate and another approach should be used to study the effect of settlements on the state of spires. Further work needs to be done on that topic. Improvements can also be made regarding how CDP was adapted for masonry. / Murade tornspiror är en vanlig takkonstruktion inom kyrkoarkitekturen. Eftersom det numera är sällsynt att murverk fungerar som lastbärande material i västvärlden, är det viktigt att upprätthålla och utöka kunskapen om murverkskonstruktioner för både underhåll och nybyggnation. Syftet med denna masteruppsats är att betrakta och utvärdera några olika modelleringsmetoder för murade tornspiror som är utsatta för några typiska laster såsom egentyngd, sättningar och vind. Katedralen i Salisbury används som en modelleringsmall i uppsatsen med avseende på katedralens geometri och materialegenskaper. Två modelleringsmetoder används i uppsatsen. Den första är gränsanalys tillämpad på murverkskonstruktioner. Den används för att beräkna en kritisk tjocklek för tornspiran under en stor vindlast. Den andra metoden är Finita Elementmetoden (FEM). Den kommersiella finita elementprogramvaran Abaqus används för finita elementanalysen och diskretiseringen som används för murverket i finita elementmodellen är makromodellering. Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) i Abaqus används som materialmodell och anpassas för murverk. Finita elementmodellen består utav själva tornspiran inklusive de bärande delarna under spiran och ned till pelarna. Fyra olika simuleringar ("jobb") körs med vindlast som angriper från olika riktningar och två av simuleringarna har pelare som sätter sig. Resultaten från simuleringarna visar att membranspänningarna i tornspirans väggar, för de olika jobben, inte skilde sig i någon betydelig grad från varandra. Ett av jobben med pelare som satte sig kunde inte köras klart eftersom dragspänningarna i valvbågarna överskred draghållfastheten på murverket i modellen. Den andra simuleringen med sättningar som kördes klart uppvisade inte några avsevärda skillnader i spänningar i tornspiran jämfört med simuleringarna utan sättningar. Medan plastiska töjningar uppkom i både valvbågarna och pelarna i modellen, uppkom de inte i tornspiran. Spänningsnivåerna i tornspiran var inom det linjära intervallet för alla simuleringar. Resultaten från finita elementanalysen stämde överens med resultaten från gränsanalysen. Analysresultaten ifrågasätter vissa av modelleringsvalen. Att inkludera de bärande delarna under tornspiran i finita elementmodellen, för att undersöka effekten av sättningar, gav inte en större insikt i hur sättningar påverkar tornspiran. Dessutom, var metoden för att tillämpa sättningar för oprecis och en annan metod borde användas. Mer arbete måste utföras vad gäller det ämnet. Sättet att tillämpa CDP för murverk kan också förbättras.

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No description available.