Between 1931 and 1960, Salvadoran praetorian regimes combined repression and reward to convince the public, nationally and internationally, that they were best equipped to rule the tiny nation. Shortly after taking power, in 1932 the military repressed a peasant rebellion, killed 10,000 people and blamed rural oligarchs and Liberal demagogues and communist agitators for the revolt and massacre. Both the regimes of General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (1931-1944) and those of Colonels Oscar Osorio and José María Lemus (1948-1960) of the Revolutionary Party for Democratic Unification (PRUD) provided rewards for their political clients and repressed their enemies, who they often labeled Communists and subversives and linked with the chaos of the 1932 rebellion. In order to marginalize political opponents and centralize rule, they aggressively repressed "plots" against the regimes to reassign, exile, beat and sometimes kill their enemies. By manipulating newspaper coverage they also portrayed a social order that despite not matching the lived reality of Salvadorans contrasted with the chaos of 1932. Because the country changed dramatically, growing in population and rapidly urbanizing, political leaders under the PRUD allied themselves with different groups than did Martínez, or in the martinato,. Under the martinato, peasants and indigenous Salvadorans provided tacit support but the Revolutionary Party was much more focused on the cities. Fearing an urban opposition, they reorganized the police, but neither regime convinced the public of their goodwill. Despite their inability to substantively reduce crime or juvenile delinquency, the military convinced people that they made genuine efforts to provide social justice to the majority of Salvadorans. Embracing traditionalism and patriarchy, as well as social order, the military built alliances with, and glorified the image of the women of the urban markets. In contrast, prostitutes and street peddlers did not meet the standards of the praetorian social order and were demonized and repressed. Although the military was unable to provide effective social services, successfully repress dissent and criminality, or eliminate dissent, they nonetheless convinced a substantial majority that the costs of opposition were greater than the benefits of working with the regime.

Archaeologists have long labored under the implicit assumption that the archaeological record is a direct reflection of past human behaviors. However, numerous cultural and environmental processes intervene between past behaviors and their reconstruction through archaeological inference. This study examines the interface between household archaeology and formation processes through the study of domestic materials from two contemporaneous sites in the Zapotitan Valley of El Salvador that were occupied by people who spoke the same language and belonged to the same regional political system. Ceren was a small village that was occupied for several decades before it was deeply buried by the eruption of Loma Caldera volcano. San Andres was a much larger center that also was affected by several eruptions, but did not experience long-term catastrophic abandonment or exceptional preservation. The research examines the effects of cultural formation processes, including reuse, discard, abandonment, and post-abandonment disturbance processes, and non-cultural formation processes, such as effects of catastrophic volcanic burial, and the effects of plants and animals. It compares the de facto refuse from Ceren with discarded materials from Ceren, and San Andres using the discard equation and methods developed in accumulations research to build a foundation for more generally applicable models to interpret household remains in western El Salvador and throughout Mesoamerica.

Microcredits have become a popular way to include poor people in the financial market. Former research on the impact on business performance has provided divergent findings and its impact on the Salvadoran market is not yet investigated. This thesis takes on this problem by analysing and evaluating how the microenterprises in Usulután, El Salvador are affected by the participation in a microcredit program. By using a quantitative method the business performance of a treatment group is compared to that of a control group. The results show that participation in a microcredit program enlarged the enterprise size in terms of sales, total assets and equity, but did not have any significant impact on business profit, marginal return to capital or fixed asset. Regressions are conducted to describe what individual characteristics of the clients are the most important for the business performance. Clients with higher education and male clients over performed other clients.

SONESA: 薩爾瓦多養蜂業產品製造及外銷之商業企劃書 / Beekeeping is the maintenance of honey bee colonies, commonly in hives, by humans. In order to collect their honey and other products that the hive produce (including beeswax, propolis, pollen and royal jelly). The beekeeping dates to 15,00 years ago; efforts to domesticate them are shown in Egyptian art around 4,500 years ago. The Beekeeping has evolved, into what we know now a day, a worldwide industry. Studies had allowed us to have more than one use for the honey on our daily life. The Worldwide Honey market is prognosticated to reach 1.9 million tons by 2015. Most of the consumers are in Europe Countries, having China as the biggest producer with 26% of the worldwide production, EU with 13% followed by US with 5% the rest is divided among other countries. Due the constant growth of the Honey Industry new countries had come into the picture. Creating new products distinctive from the regions of origin. Using the honey from beauty products to High Organic Quality Honey made of a specific plant blossom, with different properties and flavor. Among the new countries into the Honey Market we can find El Salvador, where new treats had been design to boost the export from these countries and help in the inner production. This paper proposes, taking the already existing business platform the export honey business, to introduce a new product into the existing markets. This product will come from Mango´s Trees and Coffee Bean´s Tree Blossom, creating a unique type of honey. In which thanks to the weather condition in El Salvador it´s possible to have a constant year production. The present’s trends in the Honey market are the best in order to get in the picture, between the Honey producers in the worldwide market. Maintain the “Know How” to produce a High Quality Organic Honey, which will guarantee a long run success in the honey market sustainability of business model.

This thesis undertakes a comprehensive examination of the effects of a variety of social, phonological and morphosyntactic factors on the process of s-weakening in the Spanish of San Miguel, El Salvador. The corpus used in this study consists of sixteen speakers native to San Miguel, evenly distributed according to age, sex and socioeconomic status. It was found that s-weakening appears to be in stable variation and that it is primarily governed by phonological factors: the quality of the segment following the /s/, the position of the /s/ in the syllable and word, and whether the /s/ is in a stressed or an unstressed syllable. Regarding the quality of the following segments, it was found that coronal stops caused /s/ to resist weakening. Consequently, it is argued that /st/ and /sd/ sequences are partial geminates in this dialect of Spanish, i.e. they share a place node. An account of the phonological factors conditioning s-weakening is provided within the framework of Optimality Theory, utilising the notion of crucially unranked constraints.

Thesis (M.S. in Joint Campaign Planning and Strategy)--Joint Forces Staff College, Joint Advanced Warfighting School, 2007. / Vita. "March 12, 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-93). Also available via the Internet.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2006--Giessen.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Montana, 2008. / Title from title screen. Description based on contents viewed May 8, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-110).

Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Genève. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 306-324).

Thesis (M.S. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 1990. / Thesis Advisor(s): Tollefson, Scott. Second Reader: Teti, Frank. "June 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on March 23, 2010. DTIC Identifier(s): Low Intensity Conflict, Counterinsurgency, El Salvador, Theses. Author(s) subject terms: Low-Intensity Conflict, Counterinsurgency, El Salvador, US LIC Strategy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 211-216). Also available in print.