This essay is principally concerned with the nature and possibilities of action in Samuel Beckett1s four major stage plays: Waiting for Godot, Endgame, Krapp's Last Tape, and Happy Bays. The problem arises from the fact that each of these plays is organically inconclusive, indicating that the action is not causally structured in the Aristotelean sense. Action is therefore examined in terms of the characters' separate activities: how they are initiated and terminated, their internal order, and their relation to each play as a whole. The three basic sources employed for criteria are Beckett's critical essay, Proust; his early novels, Murphy and Watt; and Johan Huizinga's Homo Ludens. Proust provides a clear indication of Beckett's theories on time, habit, and friendship; Murphy and Watt are seen as character prototypes; and Homo Ludens is useful in that it supplies a working definition of play. After a detailed examination of each play in the above terms, the general conclusion reached is that in all cases Beckett has portrayed a state of being as opposed to a process of becoming. In other words, the characters feel and act as though they are caught in an endless present: in their situations they feel cut off from their past, and at the same time they cannot plan and project their activities toward a known goal, for the future is completely uncertain. Consequently, aside from those moments when the characters have no effective control over their actions, and aside from those actions governed by some form of necessity, everything they do during the course of the plays is done simply to fill the enormous void of time. Considered separately, each activity or strategy of waiting is seen to conform to the characteristics of play as defined by Huizinga, and furthermore, each activity is seen as a habitual response to reality. The similarities between one activity and another are conditioned by two fundamental factors: a subject-object dichotomy, or the relation between the individual, the world, and other people; and death, the one event in human life which is certain, but not fixed. The differences between the various activities, on the other hand, are conditioned primarily by the ages of the characters: the older a character is the more he loses contact with the world and other people, and this affects the scope of his activities. It is finally concluded that Beckett has portrayed the fundamental isolation of western man—the tragicomedy of individualism. Cut off from others and time, man's habitual response to life and the external world has been to devise strategies of waiting for the time when it will all end. / Arts, Faculty of / Theatre and Film, Department of / Graduate

This thesis is an exploration of all the plays of Samuel Beckett written for the live theatre, with a view to elucidating their meaning through a study of the objects present on the stage. The frame of reference is consistently that of the play in actual production. The Beckett stage is never cluttered: there are always very few people, words, or things in the Beckett·dramatic world. Similarly there is little movement. (The same people, words, things, and movement, however, repeat themselves obsessively.) It is proposed that every object specified as being on stage by the stage directions of the author or by the dialogue, and whether functioning as part of set, costume, or properties, makes a dramatic statement in interaction with word and gesture. What man docs and says in relationship to things largely defines his existence. As the dramatic oeuvre of Beckett progresses from Waiting for Godot (1953) to Not I (1972) the function and significance of objects becomes increasingly marked as people, words, and movement convert to things, silence (or incoherent outpourings), and stillness. As the Beckett world becomes increasingly "reifie" the bleakness of his vision is intensified. Beckett's use of objects as part of his theatrical language becomes increasingly sophisticated and complex. It is discovered that two peculiarly Beckettian contributions are made to what Artaud called "le langage concret" of the stage: character-objects, and light functioning as object. The use of both emphasizes the dehumanization of Beckett's characters: as they become progressively static and fragmented they become increasingly less the manipulators of objects and are increasingly themselves manipulated by objects. The light as object elicits the voice in Play and Not I. In Play the human being is part of the object (urn) that contains him and in Not I has herself become an object, Mouth, suspended in the light above the stage. In the last plays, then, the Beckett stage is totally dominated by objects. They make the only statement: the urns and Mouth speak. Since speech is the definitive human attribute of the Beckett hero throughout Beckett's work, objects have thus superseded human beings at the centre of the Beckett dramatic world. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Born into one of the most distinguished families in eighteenth-century England, Samuel Wesley (1766-1837) distinguished himself as a child prodigy, an ardent devotee of the music of J. S. Bach, and as a composer, performer and music lecturer. His four extant overtures, written from the year 1778 to 1824, offer an insight into his development as a composer. This edition, drawn from the Wesley manuscripts housed in the British Library, is preceded by a commentary dealing with Wesley's life, the history of the overture as an independent for, and with Wesley's place in the history of English instrumental music.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University. Please note: This work is permanently embargoed in OpenBU. No public access is forecasted for this item. To request private access, please click on the locked Download file link, and fill out the appropriate web form. / This edition fills a gap in Samuel Beckett scholarship by gathering the accurate texts of all original poems by Beckett in English and French and all of Beckett's translations of his poems (into English, French and, in one case, German), including a number of poems not previously published or collected. Below each poem, the edition provides a section of textual commentary, stating the date of the poem's origin as it can best be ascertained; a record of extant manuscripts, typescripts, and other archival sources containing the poem; a record of its publications in periodicals, collections and elsewhere; an explanation of any corrections to the text; and a record of the poem's textual variants, including both wording and punctuation. Also supplied are English translations of all the French poems that Beckett did not translate himself. The introduction to the edition provides a broad overview of the archival materials pertaining to Beckett's poetry and a history of its composition and publication; addresses a range of textual and dating problems concerning poems and their archival and published versions; and states the principles underlying the choice of their most authoritative texts and their arrangement in the volume. / 2999-01-01

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Leiden, Pays-Bas--Universiteit Leiden, 2003. / Bibliogr. p. 225-239. Index.

Texte remanié de: Thesis Ph. D.--Michigan state university, 2004. / Notes bibliogr. Index.