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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- McMaster University, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-178). Also available via World Wide Web.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-74).

Wong Shiu Kai Raymond. / Thesis submitted in: July 2003. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-157). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.V / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.VI / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.IX / LIST OF TABLES --- p.X / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.XII / LIST OF PLATES --- p.XVII / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Landfilling of Solid Wastes --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Landfilling in Hong Kong --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Problems of Landfill Leachate --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Generation of Landfill Leachate --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Chemical Properties of Landfill Leachate --- p.9 / Chapter 1.6 --- Ecotoxicity of Landfill Leachate --- p.16 / Chapter 1.7 --- Identification of Leachate Toxicity / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Problem of identification of toxicants in landfill leachate --- p.21 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation --- p.22 / Chapter 1.8 --- Aims of Thesis --- p.27 / Chapter 2. --- CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LANDFILL LEACHATE / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Site description --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Leachate collection --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Chemical analysis --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Chemical properties of landfill leachates --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Variation of chemical properties with different ages --- p.53 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Variation of chemical properties with different season --- p.56 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Principal Component Analysis --- p.85 / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusions --- p.91 / Chapter 3. --- ECOTOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LANDFILL LEACHATE / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Site description --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Leachate collection --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Toxicity tests --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Microtox® test --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Protozoan bioassay --- p.97 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Algal bioassay --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Crustacean bioassays --- p.102 / Chapter 3.2.3.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.104 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Leachate toxicity --- p.105 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Sensitivity of tested organisms --- p.110 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Principal Component Analysis --- p.113 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Correlation with chemical properties --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusions --- p.120 / Chapter 4. --- TOXICITY IDENTIFICATION EVALUATION OF MAJOR TOXICANTS IN LANDFILL LEACHATE / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.122 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Site description --- p.124 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Toxicity bioassays --- p.124 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Phase I Toxicity characterization --- p.125 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Phase II Toxicity identification and multiple manipulations --- p.126 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Phase III Toxicity confirmation --- p.128 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Chemical properties of collected sample --- p.129 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Phase I results --- p.130 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Phase II results --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Phase III results --- p.138 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Use of TIE in leachate monitoring --- p.139 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.140 / Chapter 5. --- OVERALL CONCLUSIONS --- p.142 / REFERENCES --- p.147

With the rapid growth of the penetration of wind power into the power system, fixed series compensation is considered as an economic solution to increase power transfer capability. This will render the power system vulnerable to Sub-Synchronous Resonance (SSR). This thesis conducts research on the effect of wind turbines represented by Fixed Speed Induction Generator-Based Wind Turbines (FSIG-WTs) and Fully Rated Converter-Based Wind Turbines (FRC-WTs) on damping SSR. Firstly, SSR is investigated through mathematically modelling IEEE First Benchmark Model (FBM) using MATLAB package. Modal analysis is used to study SSR over a wide range of series compensation percentages. Secondly, the effect of incorporating FSIG-WTs into FBM on SSR is studied over a wide range of series compensation percentage and different power size of FSIG-WTs. Furthermore, the ability of the grid-side converters of the FRC-WTs connected with the FBM to damp SSR occurrence in the steam turbine shafts is evaluated using two different types of control. An optimal controller based on a Linear Quadratic regulator (LQR) has been designed as an auxiliary controller of the grid-side converter of FRC-WTs. A full-order observer was designed to estimate the unmeasured state variables to enable a vii full-state feedback. Finally, eigenvalue sensitivity was studied to choose the most suitable feedback signal for an SSR damping controller. Lead/Lag compensation controller based on the residue method is designed as an auxiliary controller within the grid-side converters of FRC-WTs. Eigenvalue analysis and time domain simulations over widely varying levels of series compensation have been carried out. The simulation studies were carried out in MATLAB and PSCAD. Connecting FSIG-WTs to the FBM increases the range of series compensation level at which SSR can occur. Therefore, it was shown that FSIG-WTs have an adverse effect on the SSR occurring at the multi-mass synchronous generator. If the system is visible, LQR as an auxiliary damping controller within the grid-side converters of FRC-WTs is an effective controller to damp SSR over a wide range of series compensation percentages. Based on eigenvalue sensitivity technique, synchronous generator speed deviation is the most suitable feedback signal for damping SSR occurrence in the steam turbine shafts.