Thesis (M.P.H.E.)--University of Michigan, 1944.

Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1941.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1939.

Thesis--University of Michigan, 1946.

At the dawn of democracy in South Africa, there were still an estimated 12 million people without adequate water supply services and nearly 21 million people without adequate sanitation services (Strategic Framework for Water Services, 2003). Since then South Africa has made great strides in reducing this gross inequality in water services provision. In response to this evident challenge, the South African Government has developed various key pieces of Local Government legislation which aim to address water services. To speed up water services provision, a number of service delivery strategies and agents were explored. The Mvula Trust is one such agent that was established in 1993 with the sole mandate of supporting the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) to develop affordable and sustainable water services in both rural and peri-urban parts of South Africa. After the establishment of Local Government in year 2000, the Mvula Trust had to enter into a new contract with this tier of government for the continuation of their primary constitutional mandate for water services delivery. In order to respond to the new operational requirement put on it and to align itself with the Local Government mandate, Mvula Trust embarked on the process of crafting its new strategy that would strengthen its ability to support the water services delivery role of Local Government. Hence the main objective of this research study was to conduct a rigorous evaluation of Mvula's Strategic Business Plan (SBP) developed in 2003 by subjecting it to contemporary strategic planning processes. The study also looks at the extent to which the crafted five-year strategy has supported three northern KwaZulu-Natal District Municipalities of Uthungulu, Umkhanyakude and Zululand to deliver water services to their respective communities. A qualitative approach was employed to gather data about the situation under investigation. The first step was to gather secondary data from documents developed by both Mvula and the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. The second step entailed collecting data from officials of Uthungulu, Umkhanyakude and Zululand District Municipalities using the questionnaire. The total number of questionnaires administered for the purpose of this study was thirty (30). For data analysis, all twenty-five (25) returned questionnaires were captured and coded using the software called Microsoft Access and subsequently imported into an analytical tool called stata. The main results from literature review and analyses indicate that Mvula's crafted strategy is not providing the organization with the competitive edge since it was not developed in line with contemporary strategic planning processes. Secondly, the existing strategy is not delivering on services requirements of municipalities. The services articulated by municipalities are mainly Institutional and Social Development (ISD) and quality sanitation development, in which roles Mvula can serve as a Project Agent (PA) instead of an Implementing Agent (IA). Finally, Mvula has not succeeded in supporting the water services delivery role of Northern KwaZulu-Natal District Municipalities. These findings imply that Mvula should embark on a rigorous strategic review. It should develop both a vision statement and a new mission statement which will respectively serve as a roadmap of the organization's future as well as a description of the organization's present capabilities, customer focus, activities and business make-up. Mvula should broadly consult with existing and prospective clients to better understand their support services needs. It is recommended that Mvula define its specific niche within the water services sector. Thus, the resulting strategy should adequately support local government towards meeting the 2014 deadline set for the eradication of water services backlog in their jurisdictional areas. / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.

Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1934.

Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1934.

Thesis (M.S.P.D.(Prof)) - University of Queensland, 2005. / Includes bibliography.

O estudo das habitações e do saneamento no meio rural é relevante tendo em vista a persistência das necessidades habitacionais brasileiras demonstradas pelos indicadores de déficit e inadequação habitacional no meio rural. Devido a importância do saneamento, os danos e problemas que sua falta pode causar aos moradores e ao meio ambiente, especificamente no meio rural, esta pesquisa teve por finalidade elaborar um estudo de caso sobre as habitações e o saneamento rural junto as unidades habitacionais da comunidade rural do Rio Ligação localizada no município de Francisco Beltrão/PR. O diagnóstico do saneamento na comunidade foi realizado levando em consideração os seguintes aspectos: situação das habitações que os moradores vivem; infraestrutura da comunidade; identificação dos sistemas de tratamento do esgoto doméstico utilizados nas habitações e o destino final dos resíduos sólidos com a discussão dos danos causados à saúde e ao meio ambiente. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada com visitas in loco e observações técnicas. Um sistema de tratamento de esgoto e da água foi implantado, por meio da realização de uma atividade prática com os moradores, o que possibilitou levar informação e o aprendizado de novas técnicas, que poderão ser replicadas junto às suas casas. A comunidade é composta por 46 unidades habitacionais (UH), destas, em 45 UH's foram realizadas as entrevistas e aplicação do questionário. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram a existência de muitas UH's em situações de precariedade, falta de higiene, instalações sanitárias inadequadas, destino incorreto do esgoto doméstico e dos resíduos sólidos, falta de tratamento da água consumida pelos moradores, além da constatação de que a comunidade do Rio Ligação não está suprida suficientemente de saneamento básico, nem de equipamentos públicos de saúde e educação. Concluiu-se que a comunidade estudada necessita de mais ações de saneamento, que visem proporcionar aos moradores qualidade de vida no que tange o saneamento básico, habitação, saúde e meio ambiente. Espera-se que este estudo do saneamento resulte em maior atenção para o poder público, tanto municipal, estadual e federal em ações e políticas públicas para o meio rural, especialmente às famílias em situações menos favorecidas, desprovidas de condições mínimas de habitabilidade e de saneamento básico. / Studying housing and sanitation in rural areas is relevant in view of the persistent Brazilian housing needs demonstrated by the indicators of housing shortage and housing inadequacy in rural settings. Given the importance of sanitation and the harm and problems that lack of sanitation can cause to inhabitants and the environment, specifically in rural areas, the purpose of this research was to prepare a case study on rural housing and sanitation at the Rio Ligação rural community housing units located in the municipality of Francisco Beltrão/PR. Diagnosis of sanitation in the community was conducted taking into account the following aspects: status of the housing in which the dwellers live; community infrastructure; identification of domestic wastewater treatment systems used in the dwellings and the final destination of solid waste, with a discussion of harm caused to health and the environment. The field study involved on-site visits and technical observation. A sewage and water treatment system was implanted by means of a practical activity undertaken with community dwellers. This enabled the provision of information and learning of new techniques that can be replicated in each household. The community is comprised of 46 housing units (HU). Interviews were conducted and questionnaires were administered in 45 HUs. The results of the study show the existence of many HUs in precarious conditions, lack of hygiene, inadequate sanitation facilities, incorrect destination of domestic wastewater and solid waste, lack of treatment of the water consumed by the dwellers, in addition to finding that the Rio Ligação community does not have sufficient basic sanitation, nor public health and education facilities. The conclusion reached is that the community studied needs more sanitation actions aimed at providing its inhabitants with quality of life with regard to basic sanitation, housing, health and environment. It is hoped that this sanitation study will result in the municipal, state and federal-level governments paying more attention to actions and public policies for rural areas, especially for families in less favourable situations, deprived of minimum living and basic sanitation conditions.

O estudo das habitações e do saneamento no meio rural é relevante tendo em vista a persistência das necessidades habitacionais brasileiras demonstradas pelos indicadores de déficit e inadequação habitacional no meio rural. Devido a importância do saneamento, os danos e problemas que sua falta pode causar aos moradores e ao meio ambiente, especificamente no meio rural, esta pesquisa teve por finalidade elaborar um estudo de caso sobre as habitações e o saneamento rural junto as unidades habitacionais da comunidade rural do Rio Ligação localizada no município de Francisco Beltrão/PR. O diagnóstico do saneamento na comunidade foi realizado levando em consideração os seguintes aspectos: situação das habitações que os moradores vivem; infraestrutura da comunidade; identificação dos sistemas de tratamento do esgoto doméstico utilizados nas habitações e o destino final dos resíduos sólidos com a discussão dos danos causados à saúde e ao meio ambiente. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada com visitas in loco e observações técnicas. Um sistema de tratamento de esgoto e da água foi implantado, por meio da realização de uma atividade prática com os moradores, o que possibilitou levar informação e o aprendizado de novas técnicas, que poderão ser replicadas junto às suas casas. A comunidade é composta por 46 unidades habitacionais (UH), destas, em 45 UH's foram realizadas as entrevistas e aplicação do questionário. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram a existência de muitas UH's em situações de precariedade, falta de higiene, instalações sanitárias inadequadas, destino incorreto do esgoto doméstico e dos resíduos sólidos, falta de tratamento da água consumida pelos moradores, além da constatação de que a comunidade do Rio Ligação não está suprida suficientemente de saneamento básico, nem de equipamentos públicos de saúde e educação. Concluiu-se que a comunidade estudada necessita de mais ações de saneamento, que visem proporcionar aos moradores qualidade de vida no que tange o saneamento básico, habitação, saúde e meio ambiente. Espera-se que este estudo do saneamento resulte em maior atenção para o poder público, tanto municipal, estadual e federal em ações e políticas públicas para o meio rural, especialmente às famílias em situações menos favorecidas, desprovidas de condições mínimas de habitabilidade e de saneamento básico. / Studying housing and sanitation in rural areas is relevant in view of the persistent Brazilian housing needs demonstrated by the indicators of housing shortage and housing inadequacy in rural settings. Given the importance of sanitation and the harm and problems that lack of sanitation can cause to inhabitants and the environment, specifically in rural areas, the purpose of this research was to prepare a case study on rural housing and sanitation at the Rio Ligação rural community housing units located in the municipality of Francisco Beltrão/PR. Diagnosis of sanitation in the community was conducted taking into account the following aspects: status of the housing in which the dwellers live; community infrastructure; identification of domestic wastewater treatment systems used in the dwellings and the final destination of solid waste, with a discussion of harm caused to health and the environment. The field study involved on-site visits and technical observation. A sewage and water treatment system was implanted by means of a practical activity undertaken with community dwellers. This enabled the provision of information and learning of new techniques that can be replicated in each household. The community is comprised of 46 housing units (HU). Interviews were conducted and questionnaires were administered in 45 HUs. The results of the study show the existence of many HUs in precarious conditions, lack of hygiene, inadequate sanitation facilities, incorrect destination of domestic wastewater and solid waste, lack of treatment of the water consumed by the dwellers, in addition to finding that the Rio Ligação community does not have sufficient basic sanitation, nor public health and education facilities. The conclusion reached is that the community studied needs more sanitation actions aimed at providing its inhabitants with quality of life with regard to basic sanitation, housing, health and environment. It is hoped that this sanitation study will result in the municipal, state and federal-level governments paying more attention to actions and public policies for rural areas, especially for families in less favourable situations, deprived of minimum living and basic sanitation conditions.