Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-02-03T21:41:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosEduardoCostaDeCampos_TESE.pdf: 4426338 bytes, checksum: 67b2b7d3f8f51f7db4fd599c34e428de (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-02-04T19:48:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosEduardoCostaDeCampos_TESE.pdf: 4426338 bytes, checksum: 67b2b7d3f8f51f7db4fd599c34e428de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-04T19:48:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosEduardoCostaDeCampos_TESE.pdf: 4426338 bytes, checksum: 67b2b7d3f8f51f7db4fd599c34e428de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / As Savanas amaz?nicas ocorrem em manchas disjuntas por extensas ?reas de floresta nos Estados do Amap?, Amazonas, Par? e Roraima. Para essas ?reas ? reconhecida varia??o consider?vel na composi??o de esp?cies da anurofauna entre as localidades e as fitofisionomias das Savanas amaz?nicas; no entanto, em fun??o da car?ncia de estudos ecol?gicos, especialmente sobre comportamento reprodutivo, uma amostragem sistem?tica, especificamente na Savana amapaense, ? relevante na Amaz?nia Oriental. Nessa perspectiva, foi estudada uma ?rea de Savana no Estado do Amap? quanto ? composi??o, ecologia e comportamento reprodutivo de anf?bios anuros. Para as amostragens dos anuros, foram realizadas 24 excurs?es para observac?es e/ou coletas, de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2010 em cada fitofisionomia (Savana gram?neo-lenhosa, Savana gram?neo-lenhosa arbustiva, Savana parque e Savana arb?rea); para as an?lises do comportamento reprodutivo foram feitas observa??es durante o per?odo de janeiro a dezembro de 2013, com dura??o de quatro dias consecutivos. As amostragens foram realizadas atrav?s de busca ativa e auditiva ao longo de 20 parcelas de 100x50 metros. Foram registradas 21 esp?cies de anuros, incluindo quatro novos registros de ocorr?ncia para o Estado do Amap?: Dendropsophus walfordi, Scinax fuscomarginatus, Pseudopaludicola boliviana e Elachistocleis helianneae. A an?lise de vari?ncia de Kruskal-Wallis revelou diferen?as significativas quanto a riqueza e a diversidade de esp?cies entre as fitofisionomias (p < 0.05). A an?lise de similaridade de Bray Curtis reconheceu as fitofisionomias em tr?s grupos: Savana arb?rea, Savana gram?neo lenhosa e gram?neo lenhosa arbustiva, e Savana parque. Atrav?s do Ordenamento por escalonamento n?o-m?trico multidimensional, a comunidade de anuros resultou em agrupamentos distintos nas tr?s fitofisionomias amostradas, com diferen?as significativas (ANOSIM, R = 0.823; p < 0.001), indicando diferen?a na composi??o de esp?cies. No estudo de ecologia de comunidades, os valores obtidos para largura dos nichos espacial, temporal e tr?fico sugerem que as esp?cies de anuros da Savana amapaense ? composta predominantemente por esp?cies generalistas. As an?lises de modelos nulos indicaram a ocorr?ncia de estrutura??o na comunidade quanto aos nichos temporal e tr?fico, indicando influ?ncia significativa de fatores ecol?gicos contempor?neos nesse processo. A aus?ncia de estrutura quanto ao nicho espacial pode ser explicada pela segrega??o espacial na distribui??o e ocupa??o dos anuros nas diferentes fitofisionomias da Savana amapaense, resultante de especializa??es. As estrat?gias reprodutivas, 11 esp?cies de anuros foram classificadas com padr?o de reprodu??o prolongado, intrinsecamente ligado ao per?odo chuvoso e ao modo reprodutivo da maioria das esp?cies, que apresentaram desova em corpos d??gua l?nticos. Foram registrados seis modos reprodutivos, com cuidado parental para as esp?cies Leptodactylus macrosternum e L. podicipinus, que apresentaram modos reprodutivos caracterizados pelas desovas em ninhos de espuma. Quanto ?s estrat?gias reprodutivas comportamentais, a estrat?gia do macho vocalizador foi constatada em todas as esp?cies de anuros; a estrat?gia do macho sat?lite foi registrada apenas para as esp?cies D. walfordi, Hypsiboas multifasciatus, S. nebulosus e S. fuscomarginatus; a procura ativa por f?meas foi registrada para as esp?cies Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis e L. fuscus e, a estrat?gia de macho deslocador ocorreu apenas em Rhinella major e R. margaritifera. Dos comportamentos reprodutivos registrados, a exibi??o da regi?o gular e do saco vocal est? relacionado ao comportamento de corte e territorialidade exibido pelos machos. Al?m dos comportamentos de corte, sinais visuais associados foram registrados para os anuros da Savana amapaense. / The Amazon savannas occur as isolated patches throughout extensive areas of forest in the states of Amap?, Amazonas, Par?, and Roraima. There is a considerable variation in the composition of anuran assemblages in the localities and phytophysiognomies of Amazon savannas and given the absence of studies on reproductive behavior, a systematic and geographically wide sampling has been carried out in the Amap? savanna, located in the Eastern Amazon. The study was conducted in a savanna area in the state of Amap? to examine the composition, ecology, and reproductive behavior of anuran amphibians. We carried out 24 field trips in each phytophysiognomy (gramineous-woody savana, gramineous-herbaceous-woody savana, park savana, and arboreal savanna); for analysis of reproductive behavior observations were made during the period January to December 2013, lasting four consecutive days. Samples were collected by active and acoustic search along 20 plots of 100x50 meters. Twenty-one anuran species were recorded, of which four are new records for the state of Amap?: Dendropsophus walfordi, Scinax fuscomarginatus, Pseudopaludicola boliviana e Elachistocleis helianneae. The KruskalWallis ANOVA revealed significant differences between richness and species diversity in the phytophysiognomies (p < 0.05). The Bray-Curtis similarity coefficient divided the phytophysiognomies into three groups: arboreal savana, gramineous-woody savanna and gramineous-herbaceous-woody savanna, and park savanna. According to the non-metric multidimensional scaling, the structure of the anuran community resulted in a separation into three phytophysiognomies, with significant differences in the structure of communities (ANOSIM, R = 0.823; p < 0.001). In the study of community ecology, the results obtained for spatial, temporal, and trophic niche breadth suggest that the assemblage of anurans of the Amap? savanna is not composed of predominantly generalist species. Also, the presence of other specialist anurans may explain the processes of speciation associated with the isolation of habitats, resulting in heterogeneity and spatial discontinuity in the phytophysiognomies with open formations. The null model analysis revealed that the community is structured based on temporal and trophic niche, indicating a significant influence of contemporary ecological factors on the assemblage. The absence of structure based on spatial niche might be explained by the spatial segregation in the distribution and occupation of anurans in the different phytophysiognomies of the Amap? savanna. Regarding the reproductive behavior of anurans, 11 species were classified as having a long breeding season, intrinsically associated with the rainy season and the reproductive mode of most species that lay egg clutches in lentic water bodies. Six reproductive modes were recorded and parental care was observed in Leptodactylus macrosternum and L. podicipinus, whose reproductive mode is characterized by foam nests. Regarding behavioral reproductive strategies, calling males were observed in all species of anurans, satellite males were recorded only for D. walfordi, Hypsiboas multifasciatus, S. nebulosus and S. fuscomarginatus; active search for females was observed for Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis and L. fuscus, and male displacement was recorded only for Rhinella major and R. margaritifera. Of the reproductive behaviors observed, throat and vocal sac display is associated with courtship and territorial behavior exhibited by males. In addition to courtship behavior, visual signals associated with courtship strategies were recorded for the anurans of the Amap? savanna.