O trabalho aborda o processo de corte de substrato cerâmico, estuda e propõe uma estratégia de projeto para a concepção e tomada de decisões de uma mini dicing saw. A tecnologia dos componentes eletrônicos modernos esta baseada no emprego de finos e estreitos substratos cerâmicos ou de silício. Uma das técnicas para a obtenção destas peças, faz uso da segmentação do substrato maior onde são depositadas as trilhas e os componentes de milhares de partes. O corte desses substratos, quando feito por meio abrasivos, emprega discos superabrasivos de espessura próxima a 0,2 mm e velocidades periféricas acima de 30 m/s. Nestas condições é exigido baixo ruído, alta precisão de giro e elevada velocidade rotacional, geralmente obtido através de mancais aerostáticos cerâmicos. O trabalho foi organizado em projeto conceitual e construção de um protótipo de uma dicing saw ou dicing machine. O protótipo admite peças com dimensões de até 100 x 100 mm podendo cortar até 5 mm de profundidade dependendo do diâmetro do disco de corte. O trabalho avalia condições de corte, como: velocidade de avanço de corte, desgaste e velocidade de rotação do disco abrasivo, profundidade de corte e a qualidade final do corte, como: trincas, lascas, linearidade do corte, características estas qualificadas e quantificadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e perfilometria. Estudos preliminares de corte de blocos de Alumina foram realizados, detectando condições estáveis de produção na faixa de 5 a 13 mm/s. Menor desgaste do disco em baixas rotações e maiores esforços de corte em grandes profundidades de penetração e avanço do disco abrasivo. / This work studies the dicing process of ceramic parts and proposes a project strategy to concept and take decisions about configuration for a preliminary project and the construction of a dicing saw or dicing machine prototype. The technology used by modern electronic components is based on narrow and thin ceramic or silicon. One of the techniques to obtain these products is to dice a larger substrate using an abrasive blade to generate low damages and high productivity. The dicing abrasive process uses abrasive blades with thickness around 0,2 mm and peripherycal speeds of 30 m/s. On these conditions, low noise, high precision and high rotation is required, conditions generated by ceramic aerostatic spindles. This work is managed in preliminary project and construction of a dicing saw or dicing machine prototype. This prototype is able to cut substrates with square shape 100 x 100 mm and depth of 5 mm depending on the blade diameter. This work tests cutting conditions as: feed rate, blade wear, blade speed, and also test the die final quality as: chipping, cracking, dicing linearity. Quantity and quality characteristics were both verified by electronic microscopes and perfilometry. Preliminary studies about dicing ceramic parts detected stable production in 5 to 13 mm/s. Lower blade wear in lower rotations and higher cutting forces in higher cutting depth and feed rate.

O trabalho aborda o processo de corte de substrato cerâmico, estuda e propõe uma estratégia de projeto para a concepção e tomada de decisões de uma mini dicing saw. A tecnologia dos componentes eletrônicos modernos esta baseada no emprego de finos e estreitos substratos cerâmicos ou de silício. Uma das técnicas para a obtenção destas peças, faz uso da segmentação do substrato maior onde são depositadas as trilhas e os componentes de milhares de partes. O corte desses substratos, quando feito por meio abrasivos, emprega discos superabrasivos de espessura próxima a 0,2 mm e velocidades periféricas acima de 30 m/s. Nestas condições é exigido baixo ruído, alta precisão de giro e elevada velocidade rotacional, geralmente obtido através de mancais aerostáticos cerâmicos. O trabalho foi organizado em projeto conceitual e construção de um protótipo de uma dicing saw ou dicing machine. O protótipo admite peças com dimensões de até 100 x 100 mm podendo cortar até 5 mm de profundidade dependendo do diâmetro do disco de corte. O trabalho avalia condições de corte, como: velocidade de avanço de corte, desgaste e velocidade de rotação do disco abrasivo, profundidade de corte e a qualidade final do corte, como: trincas, lascas, linearidade do corte, características estas qualificadas e quantificadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e perfilometria. Estudos preliminares de corte de blocos de Alumina foram realizados, detectando condições estáveis de produção na faixa de 5 a 13 mm/s. Menor desgaste do disco em baixas rotações e maiores esforços de corte em grandes profundidades de penetração e avanço do disco abrasivo. / This work studies the dicing process of ceramic parts and proposes a project strategy to concept and take decisions about configuration for a preliminary project and the construction of a dicing saw or dicing machine prototype. The technology used by modern electronic components is based on narrow and thin ceramic or silicon. One of the techniques to obtain these products is to dice a larger substrate using an abrasive blade to generate low damages and high productivity. The dicing abrasive process uses abrasive blades with thickness around 0,2 mm and peripherycal speeds of 30 m/s. On these conditions, low noise, high precision and high rotation is required, conditions generated by ceramic aerostatic spindles. This work is managed in preliminary project and construction of a dicing saw or dicing machine prototype. This prototype is able to cut substrates with square shape 100 x 100 mm and depth of 5 mm depending on the blade diameter. This work tests cutting conditions as: feed rate, blade wear, blade speed, and also test the die final quality as: chipping, cracking, dicing linearity. Quantity and quality characteristics were both verified by electronic microscopes and perfilometry. Preliminary studies about dicing ceramic parts detected stable production in 5 to 13 mm/s. Lower blade wear in lower rotations and higher cutting forces in higher cutting depth and feed rate.

In this thesis, Rayleigh-mode and Sezawa-mode surface acoustic wave devices, and SMR-based (solidly mounted resonator, SMR) thin film bulk acoustic wave devices were employed to construct the UV sensors. The oscillators are composed of acoustic wave devices, high-frequency amplifier and matching networks. Due to the fact that the different acoustic wave devices are associated with the different propagating behaviors, electromechanical coefficient and resonance characteristics, they lead to the diversely sensing properties. Although Rayleigh-mode and Sezawa-mode SAW devices are both constructed by a ZnO sensing layer, they operate with different resonance behaviors and propagate with different phase velocities in the layered structures. Therefore, they result in different frequency shifts and sensitivities while illuminating UV light on the surface of ZnO thin films. As to the SMR device, the acoustic waves are confined within the ZnO piezoelectric layer sandwiched between two metal electrodes and then resonance as standing waves. In general, thin film bulk acoustic wave devices, which are SMR devices in this thesis, possess a higher operating frequency and better frequency response than those of SAW devices. Therefore, it is expected that UV sensors based on SMR devices will lead to an excellent performance. The Rayleigh-mode SAW-based UV sensors consisted of a 3£gm-thickness ZnO thin film for sensing UV light and a 2mm-thickness LiNbO3 substrate for generating surface acoustic waves in the ZnO/ LiNbO3 layered structure. Because surface acoustic waves travel along the surface within the depth of one wavelength, 32 £gm herein, most of them propagate in the LiNbO3 substrate. SAWs were perturbed slightly and consequently resulted in an unsatisfactorily maximum frequency shift of 63.75 kHz when a UV light intensity of 1250 £gW/cm2 was illuminated on the surface of ZnO thin film. Because ZnO films in this thesis are used as the sensing layer for UV light, we adjusted the sputtering parameter of deposition temperature to improve their crystalline properties and further enhance the sensitivity of ZnO/LiNbO3 layered SAW devices. Finally, the maximum frequency shift was raised to 264 kHz with the same UV light intensity using the deposition temperature of 400 ¢J. The ZnO thin films in the ZnO/Si layered structure were simultaneously employed as the piezoelectric layer for generating SAWs and the sensing layer for UV light. Therefore, all of the acoustic waves propagate within the ZnO thin films and are easier disturbed than the devices operated with the ZnO/LiNbO3 layered structure. This accounts for the relatively large frequency shift of 1017 kHz with the UV light intensity of 551 £gW/cm2. The ½ £f type SMR device was adopted to construct the UV sensor due to their better resonance characteristics than those of ¼ £f type. As can be seen from the results that SMR-based UV sensor presented better UV sensing properties compared with SAW-based UV sensors. The reasons for the considerable frequency shifts and sensitivities can be attributed to that SMR-based sensor possesses a shorter resonance wavelength and a larger electromechanical coefficient than those of SAW-based devices. Finally, the maximum frequency shift of 552 kHz can be obtained when the illumination intensity of UV light was 212 £gW/cm2.

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices find uses in a plethora of applications including but not limited to chemical, biological sensing, and microfluidic actuation. The primary aim of this dissertation is to develop a SAW biosensor, capable of simultaneous detection of target biomarkers in fluid media at concentrations of picogram/ml to nanogram/ml levels and removal of non-specific proteins from sensor surface using the process of acoustic streaming, for potential chemical sensing, medical, and clinical diagnostic applications. The focus is on the development of three dimensional finite element structural and fluid-structure interaction models to study wave propagation and acoustic actuation of fluids in a SAW biosensor. This work represents a significant improvement in understanding fluid flow over SAW devices, over the currently available continuum model of Nyborg. The developed methodology includes use of a novel substrate, namely, Langasite coupled with various combinations of novel multidirectional interdigital transducer (IDT) configurations such as orthogonal, focused IDTs as well as sensor surface modifications, such as micro-cavities. The current approach exploits the capability of the anisotropic piezoelectric crystal to launch waves of different characteristics in different directions, which can be put to the multiple uses including but not limited to sensing via shear horizontal waves and biofouling elimination via Rayleigh wave induced acoustic streaming. Orthogonal IDTs gives rise to constructive interference, thereby enhancing the magnitudes of device displacements and fluid velocities. The net effect is an increase in device sensitivity and acoustic streaming intensity. The use of micro-cavities in the delay path provides a synergistic effect, thereby further enhancing the device sensitivity and streaming intensity. Focused IDTs are found to enhance the device displacements and fluid velocities, while focusing the device displacements and fluid motion at the device focal point, thereby enhancing the SAW device biosensing performance. The work presented in this dissertation has widespread and immediate use for enhancing sensor sensitivity and analyte discrimination capabilities as well as biofouling removal in medical diagnostic applications of SAW sensors. This work also has a broad relevance to the sensing of multiple biomarkers in medical applications as well as other technologies utilizing these devices such as microfluidic actuation.

Magister Artium (Human Ecology) - MA(HE) / A theory-based evaluation has been conducted with an improvement-orientated purpose on the Social Auxiliary Worker (SAW) Training Programme for an accredited provider to improve and continue to implement their own SAW Training Programmes. Theory-driven evaluations are essential for distinguishing between the validity of programme implementation and the validity of programme theory. Addressing the social needs of communities through social development and transformation is a top priority for the South African Government. South Africa faces a shortage of Social Work Practitioners (SWPs) due to emigration, as well as insufficient numbers of university graduates. This shortage has left the current SWPs with severe workload pressures. The South African Department of Social Development (DSD) initiated, in 2004, the training of Social Auxiliary Workers (SAWs) to serve as assistants to the SWPs. The SAW qualification initiative has been developed as a course accredited with the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) at the National Qualifications Framework (NQF) level 4. Providers of SAW training courses are accredited by the Health and Welfare Sectoral Education and Training Authority (HWSETA) and by the South African Council for Social Services Professions (SACSSP). The empirical part of the study was conducted in two stages. The first stage consisted of a clarificatory evaluation, wherein a step-by-step logical participatory process was followed for the clarification and development of the programme theory. This process resulted in logic models and a theory-of-change model against which the evaluation questions for the study were developed. These questions assessed the need for the SAW training programme - and for the SAW training programme planning and design. It was found that there was a need for SAW training programmes and that the SAW training programme had been designed to address this need. The second stage consisted of an implementation evaluation. This was done by means of a data matrix using the evaluation aspects for each of the objectives developed during the clarificatory evaluation. Data gathering was done by means of content analysis, focus group workshops and questionnaires. Data interpretations, conclusions and judgements were made with regard to each of the objectives and consolidated in a table format which indicated the outputs and outcomes, implementation results- and a judgement and recommendation for each objective. It was found that a standardised and structured process was followed most of the time, but that the knowledge and skills training elements, particularly in their practical application, left room for improvement. The study illustrates the advantages of a theory-based evaluation that assists with programme planning and modification, knowledge development and the planning of evaluation studies.

Föreliggande arbete syftade till att genom praktiska försök och teoretiska studier länka samman beskärningssågars effektivitet med dess biologiska påverkan av det växande trädet. Med målet att skapa en kunskapsgrund vid utveckling av nya sågar för trämaterial. Inom studien har en testutrustning använts för att provsåga tre kommersiellt tillgängliga beskärningssågar i två skilda trädslag. De uppkomma sågytorna analyserades med hjälp av optiska metoder. Resultaten från de praktiska sågförsöken och de påföljande optiska undersökningarna länkades till trädets biologiska reaktion på beskärning. Studien belyste ogynnsamma kraftförhållanden samt beskärningssågarnas inverkan på det levande trädet. Under studiens gång har även talrika uppslag för vidare undersökningar identifierats och definierats.

This thesis describes a proposal for a rocker saw design. It addresses the general lack of current solutions, their description and it is drawing conclusions of these. The object of this thesis is to try to avoid potential problems which are being discussed in this thesis and therefore suggests solutions for enhancing the rocker saw, especially on the visual and ergonomic side.

This dissertation provides a comprehensive methodology for accurate analysis and design of miniaturized radio frequency (RF) surface acoustic wave (SAW) duplexer package. Full-wave analysis based on the three dimensional (3-D) finite element method (FEM) is successfully applied to model the package. The die model is obtained by combining the acoustics and die busbars parasitics models. The acoustics model is obtained using the coupling-of-models (COM) technique. The die busbars, bonding wires and printed circuit board (PCB) are modeled using full-wave analysis. After that, the models of package, die, and bonding wires are assembled together to get the total response. To take into account the mutual couplings, the methodology is extended to model the package, die busbars, and bonding wires together. The advantages and disadvantages of the methodology are also discussed. Based on the methodology, the Korea personal communication system (KPCS) duplexer is analyzed and designed. The isolation of KPCS duplexer package is significantly improved by redesigning inner ground plane, bonding wire scheme and ground via. A KPCS duplexer package is designed and excellent transmitter to receiver isolation in the transmission band is achieved. Simulation and measurement results are compared, and excellent agreement is found. Although we focus on investigating the methods to improve the isolation, the passband performance is also improved. The methodology is also successfully used for flip chip duplexer. The simulation results from our assembling method match the measurement results very well. Optimization method is applied to improve the transmit band isolation. With the new package and die design, the transmit band isolation can be improved from -53.6 dB to -65.2 dB. Based on the new package, the effect of the Rx ground trace on the isolation is investigated and the transmit band isolation can achieve -67.3 dB with the modification of the Rx ground trace. The technique developed in this dissertation reduces the design cycle time greatly and can be applied to various RF SAW device packages.

PM2.5 particle sensing has been done using surface acoustic wave based sensor for two different frequencies. Due to mass loading and elasticity loading on the sensor's surface, the center frequency of the sensor shifts. The particle concentration can be tracked based on that frequency shift. The fit factor test has been conducted using higher frequency SAW sensor. The consist results has been achieved for particle sensing and fit factor test with SAW based sensor.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1993 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / In order to reduce the measuring channels for the single-transient signals, the author propose the time division multiplex technique and introduce the method of SAW delay line in this paper. That used method of SAW tap-delay line in this system is different from previous methods consists in making traditional method, which is one-path signal input different delayed multi- path signals output, alter new method, which is simultaneous multi-path signal inputs that are respectively delayed and one-path signal serial output.