The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the occurrence of Scandinavia in the then daily English newspaper Yorkshire Herald during the First World War. The dissertation looks into what the Yorkshire Herald wrote about Scandinavia in the parts of the newspaper where the newspaper´s own opinion was given. This approach is connected to the theoretical idea that the British local and regional press was politically free during the war period. The dissertation also looks into the number of news telegrams etcetera that concerned Scandinavia during the period. The result shows that Scandinavia, both as a whole as well as the three individual countries, was mentioned about 700 times, split over about 600 telegrams and articles, during the examined period stretching from the first of August 1914 to the eleventh of November 1918. Material that gives the newspaper´s opinion regarding issues concerning Scandinavia can be found six times during the period. Of these articles two have a slight aggressive tone, while the character of the remaining four is more neutral, even friendly and sympathetic.

Bachelor's thesis. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

Two small subarctic lakes were eutrophicated due to wastewater discharge from 1964. In 1975, a wastewater treatment plant was built and a recovery process started. This paper will: (1) compile the 1972–1974, 1978–1980 and 1985–1988 investigation data regarding phosphorous and microalgae for one of the lakes; (2) complement with unpublished data from 1985 and 2003; and (3) introduce a discussion regarding three alternatives for future development of the lakes in their last phase of recovery. In the latest investigation, 2003, the lakes were assessed as almost recovered. They had returned to an oligotrophic state, but not fully to a pre-sewage situation. In the upper lake, more heavily polluted, the total phosphorous levels had decreased from an average of 168 µg P/L in 1972–1974 to an average of 12 µg P/L in 2003. The phytoplankton biomass had decreased twentyfold during the same period, from 11.2 mg/L to 0.6 mg/L. The Secchi depth had increased from 1.3 m to 2.8 m. The low oxygen level in late winter was still not recovered, thereby profoundly affecting residential organisms in the lakes. The low winter oxygen is assumed to remain so for a long time due to phosphorus release from sediments in the lakes.

Thesis--Uppsala. / Includes index. Bibliography: p. 177-.84.

Thesis--American University. / Bibliography: l. 226-248.

Archaeology involves creating meaningful narratives of prehistoric societies, using only the remains of their material culture. This study focuses on Neolithic rock-art in two very different regions – Jämtland (Northern Sweden) and Cumbria (North West England) – seeking to explore, directly, the ‘meaningfulness’ of this art. During the Neolithic period in Britain (c. 4000-2400 BC) and Northern Sweden (c. 4000-1800 BC), rocky outcrops were elaborated either by pecking abstract designs (Britain) or by carving and painting animal and human representations (Northern Sweden). Prehistoric rock-art in Britain and Scandinavia is usually understood and made ‘meaningful’ in relation to one, or a combination of, methodological approaches: it may be understood as part of the landscape (experienced through the human body (phenomenology)), or given meaning in light of ethnographic evidence. All of these approaches, however, ignore the subtle ways in which the rock-art itself was structured. The study, presented here, employed three methodological approaches in order to attempt to understand rock-art in a new and, arguably, more meaningful way. Firstly, a structure- based approach involved establishing the primary methods that the carvers used to create meaningful rock-art narratives. Secondly, a discourse- based approach was used to uncover how these basic design forms were articulated, to allow communication and dialogue of Neolithic ideas into the sphere of social practice (discourse being an attempt to identify themes within the rock-art narratives, which act as intermediaries between structure and agency). Finally, the third agency- based approach blends structure with discourse (agency allowed meaningful social action to occur during the Neolithic). The structure-based approach in Cumbria revealed that the art of the central fells region was based on the manipulation of natural and cultural cups or circles into linear patterns. This is in contrast with the approach in eastern Cumbria, where the reverse was found- with lines being manipulated into circular shapes. In Jämtland, the fundamental structure of the art was based on the division of elk into both male/female and moving/stationary categories. The results of the discourse methodology revealed that three themes dictated the style of rock-art carvings during the Neolithic, in both Cumbria and Jämtland; naturalistic, stylised and abstract. The agency approach concluded that the visual statements made using the rock-art were examples of agents’ changing relationship with the natural world and the resources it contained- especially the quarrying of stone for axes. Metaphorically, it is argued that the three changing discourses of rock-art were a reflection of the changing relationship people had with the quarrying of stone and its exchange. One of the main implications of this research is the finding that there is still a place for investigating rock-art and material/visual culture. Furthermore, using the methodological approach of this research, we are in a position to explore some of the deeper dimensions of visual culture, and its relationship to social structure and agency, in the Neolithic.

Denna avhandling studerar befästningar i deras landskapssammanhang. Den undersöker vilka faktorer som bidragit till byggandet av befästningar, var de finns och förhållandet mellan bosättning och befästningar. Fokus ligger på stadsborgen från 1600-talet e.Kr. Jönköping, Kristianstad och Göteborgs samt förhistoriska befästningar i Jönköpings och Skåne län samt Göteborgs kommun. Litteraturstudier, kartstudier, Geografiska Informationssystem (GIS) och fältbesök används för att sätta befästningarna i ett sammanhang. Visuella analyser (Viewshed) skapas för att ytterligare visualisera befästningarna i deras landskapsmiljö och för att bedöma de faktorer som bidrar till deras konstruktion och förhållande till bebyggelse. Resultaten visar att det finns många olika faktorer som påverkar placering och konstruktion av befästningar. Befästningslinjer, försvarsbarhet, tillgång till vatten, hur attacker genomförs, kommunikativa-social-politiska-ekonomiska-religiösa och landskapsfaktorer kan alla ha spelat en roll i motiveringen för befästningsbyggandet. Det finns möjligen fler faktorer som påverkar läget. Ett absolut svar kanske inte är möjligt eftersom vi inte kan redogöra för de otaliga effekterna i det förflutna. Resultaten indikerar också att även om det finns tydliga kopplingar mellan 1600-talets stadsfort och deras tillhörande bebyggelse, finns det inget tydligt samband mellan de förhistoriska befästningarna och bebyggelsen i fråga. Förhistoriska ringfort sticker ut eftersom det finns tydliga tecken på bosättningsaktivitet på två av platserna som ingår i denna studie. En skarp kontrast uppstår mellan ringborgen och de andra förhistoriska befästningarna som beaktas i denna studie, eftersom endast en plats har säkra bevis för bosättningsverksamhet inom sig när man betraktar bergsborgen. Det är uppenbart att endast detaljerad utgrävning och undersökning kommer att kunna belysa om bosättningsverksamhet förekom vid förhistoriska befästningar (Bergsfortifikationer/Ringfort), och riktade studier kan också kunna utöka vår förståelse av deras exakta funktion och motivationen bakom deras landskapspositionering. Den siktbaserade analysen tyder på att de bebyggelser som kan vara samtida med de förhistoriska befästningarna har ett lågt rumsligt förhållande till forten. Dessutom verkar det som om sikten på vissa platser kanske inte har varit den huvudsakliga faktorn för platsernas placering i landskapet, och på vissa platser verkar potentialen för kontroll över en betydande kommunikationsväg vara inflytelserik för platsplaceringen.

ABSTRACT:The purpose of this literature study is to study the dental caries status (DMFT) of 12-years-olds in Scandinavia and describe and compare the different preventive strategies and methods used by different dental care personal in each country and between these three countries. To achieve the objective information from scientific literature and publications, and data from WHO database on these three countries were used.DMFT for 12-year olds in Norway was 1.7 (2004), 0.7 for Denmark (2008) and in Sweden 0.9 (2008). During the past decade, changes have occurred in the prevention system of population- based prevention to individual-based prevention. This is a result partly of the low caries prevalence and partly because of a disproportional distribution of caries in this target group. It is regarded as a smart solution to be able to access the most affected or at risk patients who have the most dental care needs.The results showed different dental personals used different preventive strategies. Choices related to the use of fluoride vehicles were also varied. There were also differences in prevention strategies between different countries. This shows that despite the similarities in the dental teams, free and subsidized dental care for children there are also differences in quality of the offering of policies and practices. All this data confirm the differences between all three countries in choice of preventive method for risk and none-risk patients. This seems to be influenced by different cultural patterns within the dental professional communities of each country. Differences in caries incidence probably could be due to different combinations of preventive methods. There is a need for more research in this area. There is a need for a consensus about which strategy and approach is most effective and which one should be used against dental caries in risk and non risk patients, a consensus in which all countries agree to implement.

No description available.

Ancestor worship is often assumed by contemporary European audiences to be an outdated, distant and primitive tradition with little relevance to our societies, past and present. This study questions that assumption and seeks to determine whether ancestor ideology was an integral part of religion in Viking age and early medieval Scandinavia. The concept is examined from a broad socio-anthropological perspective, which is then used to generate an overarching 'lens' for a set of case studies which analyse the cults of specific individuals in the Old Norse literary tradition. The thesis argues that the views of social anthropologists have been ignored in Old Norse scholarship for too long and that they have great potential to contribute to our understanding of the religious diversity present in typical folk-religious societies worldwide, including those of pre-Christian Scandinavia. Of particular importance in this context is the concept of 'god', which in most traditional cultures is intimately related to the idea of family ancestors. The situation of gods in Old Norse religion has been almost exclusively addressed in isolation from these socio-anthropological perspectives. The public gravemound cults of deceased rulers are discussed conventionally as cases of sacral kingship, and more recently, religious ruler ideology; both are seen as having divine associations in Old Norse scholarship. Building on the anthropological framework, this study suggests that the gods in pagan Scandinavia and Iceland, too, were perceived as human ancestors belonging to elite families. This thesis also discusses the euhemerism found in the Old Norse sources and suggests that even if medieval authors were influenced by classical writings, the 'euhemerisations' are based on real perceptions. It does not reject the existence of ruler ideology, but argues that the ideology was based on conventional and widely recognised religious practices revolving around kinship and ancestors. It introduces the concept of 'superior ancestors', used in social anthropology to denote a form of political ancestor worship used to deliberately regulate social structure. It is argued that the communal worship of deceased rulers derived from their doubly important role as social leaders and as ancestors.