This new form of multiattribute utility optimization is based on ordinal as opposed to cardinal utility and is defined from a corresponding integer programming model in operations research which (1) is solved for ordinal cost factors and (2) serves as the problem's theoretical starting point. It is suggested herein that one start with a mathematical formulation that if solved in an acceptable or — preferably — best manner would yield a satisfactory or possibly best solution to the problem. Then, that mathematical formulation and its solution technique defines the multiattribute utility problem and its solution at issue. This is the reverse of what is usually done; and as will be shown, doing this can be quite fruitful. The illustrative example concerns a mathematical 1 formulation based on operation research's assignment problem. As will be argued, the cost factors must be ordinal, which essentially corresponds to using ordinal utility; hence the technique will be framed in the realm of ordinal utility. The technique for solving the illustrative example's mathematical formulation is to achieve a premium mix of operations research solution properties. From this perspective, some sticky issues in multiattribute utility theory when the attributes involve the preferences of distinct persons are not included in the philosophical base for the multiattribute utility problem and its solution thusly defined. / Master of Arts

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1982.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1983.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1978.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1978.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1982.

While scholars have investigated the impact of school start times on adolescent students, there is limited research on how school start times affect teachers. In addition, recent reports of declining teacher morale emphasize the need for further study on influences of teacher satisfaction. Using secondary analysis of data from the 2017–18 National Teachers and Principals Survey (NTPS), this study measured relationships between school start times and other characteristics of responding teachers (n = 44,319) and their schools. The results identified trends in school start times by school level and community density. In addition, a statistically significant positive relationship between school start time and teacher satisfaction was found, as well a statistically significant negative relationship between school end time and teacher satisfaction. These findings suggest a need for further research on the association between school schedules and teacher satisfaction, but other variables appear to have a stronger influence on teacher satisfaction, such as teacher engagement in professional development. / Educational Leadership

published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Public Health

published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

Cette thèse porte sur le rapport au temps individuel des actifs occupés. Il s'intéresse à la façon dont ils le constituent et dont ils le transforment, et propose une approche compréhensive des dimensions réflexives de leur « conduite de vie ». Les évolutions des temporalités au sein de la société (liées à l'entrée des femmes dans le salariat, à la diffusion des TIC, etc.) tendent, selon nous, à créer de nouvelles contraintes et possibilités dans les programmes d'activités des individus. Ainsi, elles lancent de nouveaux défis à l'organisation du temps, mais aussi à l'individu et plus précisément à sa réflexivité. En effet, l'individu n'assume pas passivement cette complexité de son emploi du temps, mais cherche au contraire à la maîtriser. Pour cela, il fournit un « effort » permanent, mais qui n'est pas pour autant constant au fil du temps. A partir d'une enquête par entretiens semi-directifs menés entre 2006 et 2008, nous avons construit une typologie des différents rapports au temps, qui correspondent aux attitudes temporelles générales que les individus construisent et adoptent pour articuler les différentes sphères de la vie sociale, et répondre aux différentes situations qu'ils rencontrent dans leur quotidien. Elle nous a permis de montrer que tous les individus ne sont pas confrontés de la même façon à cette complexité, et de fait, que tous ne sont pas réflexifs au même degré dans leur quotidien. Partant de quatre idéaux-types, nous observons les contraintes (privées et professionnelles) dans lesquelles ils sont insérés ainsi que les outils techniques (les agendas papier et électroniques) et sociaux (les personnes et les institutions) qu'ils utilisent. Par ailleurs, l'observation de deux situations particulières (les imprévus de la vie quotidienne et le déménagement) révèle la façon dont les individus font évoluer leur rapport au temps / This thesis focuses on workers' relationships with time. It is concerned with the ways they construct and transform it, and proposes a comprehensive approach to the reflexive dimension of their “life conduct”. In our view, societal changes in temporalities (related to women's entry into the labor market, the diffusion of ICT, etc.) tend to create new constraints on individuals' activity programs. These changes create new challenges for personal time management, but also for the individual herself, specifically her reflexivity. Indeed, individuals do not passively accept the complexity of their schedules, but rather seek to control it. Achieving this requires constant "effort", but the strength of this effort is not necessarily constant over time. Based on a survey involving semi-structured interviews conducted between 2006 and 2008, we built a typology of different relationships with time, i.e. general temporal attitudes that individuals create and adopt to articulate the different spheres of social life and cope with the different situations they encounter in their daily lives. We demonstrate that not all individuals face complexity in the same way, and that they are not all equally reflexive in their daily lives. Using four ideal-types, we observe the private and professional constraints they are facing and the tools they use, both technical (paper or electronic agendas) and social (people and institutions). Finally, the observation of two exceptional situations (unexpected events in everyday life and changes of residence) reveals how people are changing their relationships with time