In the present work we explore application of XML schema mapping in conceptual modeling of XML schemas. We expand upon the previous efforts to map XML schemas to PIM schema via a decision tree. In this thesis more versatile method is implemented - the decision tree is trained from a large set of user- annotated mapping decision samples. Several variations of training that could improve the mapping results are proposed. The approach is evaluated in a wide range of experiments that show the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed variations of training. The work also contains a survey of different approaches to schema mapping and description of schema used in this work. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are becoming increasingly engaged in B2B interactions. The ubiquitousness of the Internet and the quasi-reliance on electronic document exchanges with larger trading partners have fostered this move. The main technical challenge that this brings to SMEs is that of business document integration: they need to exchange business documents with heterogeneous document formats and also integrate these documents with internal information systems. Often they can not afford using expensive, customized and proprietary solutions for document exchange and storage. Rather they need cost-effective approaches designed based on open standards and backed with easy-to-use information systems. In this dissertation, we investigate the problem of business document integration for SMEs following a design science methodology. We propose a framework and conceptual architecture for a business document integration system (BDIS). By studying existing business document formats, we recommend using the GS1 XML standard format as the intermediate format for business documents in BDIS. The GS1 standards are widely used in supply chains and logistics globally. We present an architecture for BDIS consisting of two layers: one for the design of internal information system based on relational databases, capable of storing XML business documents, and the other enabling the exchange of heterogeneous business documents at runtime. For the design layer, we leverage existing XML schema conversion approaches, and extend them, to propose a customized and novel approach for converting GS1 XML document schemas into relational schemas. For the runtime layer, we propose wrappers as architectural components for the conversion of various electronic documents formats into the GS1 XML format. We demonstrate our approach through a case study involving a GS1 XML business document. We have implemented a prototype BDIS. We have evaluated and compared it with existing research and commercial tools for XML to relational schema conversion. The results show that it generates operational and simpler relational schemas for GS1 XML documents. In conclusion, the proposed framework enables SMEs to engage effectively in electronic business.

Huge amount of data flows around the Internet every second, but for the data to be useful at its destination, it must be presented in a way such that the target has little problem interpreting it. Current data exchange technologies may rearrange the structure of data to suit expectations at the target. However, there may be semantics behind data (e.g. knowing the title of a book can determine its #pages) that may be violated after data translation. These semantics are expressed as integrity constraints (IC) in a database. Currently, there is no guarantee that the exchanged data conforms to the target’s ICs. As a result, existing applications (e.g. user queries) that assume such semantics will no longer function correctly. Current constraint repair techniques deal with data after it has been translated; thus take no consideration of the integrity constraints at the source. Moreover, such constraint repair methods usually involve addition/deletion/modification of data, which may yield incomplete or false data. We consider the constraints of both source and target schemas; together with the mapping, we can efficiently detect which constraint is violated and suggest ways to correct the mappings.

Syfte med studien var att kartlägga och jämföra sjuksköterskors uppfattningar av två olika arbetstidsmodeller i relation till arbetstider, hälsa samt möjlighet till återhämtning. Bakgrund. Inom Hälso- och Sjukvården krävs effektivitet, färre personer ska utföra mer med bättre kvalitet till lägre kostnad. Inom VLL används arbetstidsmodeller för att ha kostnadskontroll, minska vikariebehoven och få bort övertid. Arbete dag, kväll och natt ger korta återhämtningsperioder med risk för ohälsa, minskad återhämtningstid med negativa konsekvenser som följd. Metod. Studien genomfördes som en tvärsnittsstudie med enkätsamling. Sjuksköterskor som arbetar i arbetstidsmodell 1 (n=50) och arbetstidsmodell 3 (n=50) som befann sig på arbetsplatser inom VLL vid besök under mars - maj 2013 ombads fylla i enkäterna. Resultat. Studien fann statiskt signifikanta skillnader mellan arbetstidsmodellerna i hur sjuksköterskorna trivs med arbetstiderna, var för trött att orka med familj, vänner och fritid och om de fick tid för återhämtning mellan arbetspassen. Sjuksköterskorna i modell 1 och modell 3 upplever hälsa. Slutsats. Större andel sjuksköterskor i modell 1 än modell 3 är nöjda med sina arbetstider och har mer tid för återhämtning.Implikation. Att kunna använda resultatet som underlag till framtida arbetstidslösningar och andra hälsofrämjande åtgärder.

Huge amount of data flows around the Internet every second, but for the data to be useful at its destination, it must be presented in a way such that the target has little problem interpreting it. Current data exchange technologies may rearrange the structure of data to suit expectations at the target. However, there may be semantics behind data (e.g. knowing the title of a book can determine its #pages) that may be violated after data translation. These semantics are expressed as integrity constraints (IC) in a database. Currently, there is no guarantee that the exchanged data conforms to the target’s ICs. As a result, existing applications (e.g. user queries) that assume such semantics will no longer function correctly. Current constraint repair techniques deal with data after it has been translated; thus take no consideration of the integrity constraints at the source. Moreover, such constraint repair methods usually involve addition/deletion/modification of data, which may yield incomplete or false data. We consider the constraints of both source and target schemas; together with the mapping, we can efficiently detect which constraint is violated and suggest ways to correct the mappings.

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are becoming increasingly engaged in B2B interactions. The ubiquitousness of the Internet and the quasi-reliance on electronic document exchanges with larger trading partners have fostered this move. The main technical challenge that this brings to SMEs is that of business document integration: they need to exchange business documents with heterogeneous document formats and also integrate these documents with internal information systems. Often they can not afford using expensive, customized and proprietary solutions for document exchange and storage. Rather they need cost-effective approaches designed based on open standards and backed with easy-to-use information systems. In this dissertation, we investigate the problem of business document integration for SMEs following a design science methodology. We propose a framework and conceptual architecture for a business document integration system (BDIS). By studying existing business document formats, we recommend using the GS1 XML standard format as the intermediate format for business documents in BDIS. The GS1 standards are widely used in supply chains and logistics globally. We present an architecture for BDIS consisting of two layers: one for the design of internal information system based on relational databases, capable of storing XML business documents, and the other enabling the exchange of heterogeneous business documents at runtime. For the design layer, we leverage existing XML schema conversion approaches, and extend them, to propose a customized and novel approach for converting GS1 XML document schemas into relational schemas. For the runtime layer, we propose wrappers as architectural components for the conversion of various electronic documents formats into the GS1 XML format. We demonstrate our approach through a case study involving a GS1 XML business document. We have implemented a prototype BDIS. We have evaluated and compared it with existing research and commercial tools for XML to relational schema conversion. The results show that it generates operational and simpler relational schemas for GS1 XML documents. In conclusion, the proposed framework enables SMEs to engage effectively in electronic business.

Zugl.: Saarbrücken, Universiẗat, Diss., 1995.

Huge amount of data flows around the Internet every second, but for the data to be useful at its destination, it must be presented in a way such that the target has little problem interpreting it. Current data exchange technologies may rearrange the structure of data to suit expectations at the target. However, there may be semantics behind data (e.g. knowing the title of a book can determine its #pages) that may be violated after data translation. These semantics are expressed as integrity constraints (IC) in a database. Currently, there is no guarantee that the exchanged data conforms to the target’s ICs. As a result, existing applications (e.g. user queries) that assume such semantics will no longer function correctly. Current constraint repair techniques deal with data after it has been translated; thus take no consideration of the integrity constraints at the source. Moreover, such constraint repair methods usually involve addition/deletion/modification of data, which may yield incomplete or false data. We consider the constraints of both source and target schemas; together with the mapping, we can efficiently detect which constraint is violated and suggest ways to correct the mappings. / Science, Faculty of / Computer Science, Department of / Graduate

This thesis, which has been prepared in paper format, is an exploration of how memory affects pain perception. Paper 1, prepared according to guidelines for the journal Pain, is a systematic review of the literature on how memory affects pain perception. Twenty-nine articles satisfied inclusion criteria for the review. Studies were critically appraised and a narrative synthesis was used to make sense of findings. Two types of study were identified; priming and expectancy. Overall, there is good evidence that memory affects pain perception, however, methodological quality of reviewed studies was variable and this limited the conclusions that could be drawn. The findings are discussed in relation to current theoretical models of memory and pain and suggestions for the future direction of studies in the area are made. Paper 2, also prepared according to guidelines for the journal Pain, reports an experiment that was conducted in order to test a cognitive model of how memory can affect pain perception (Brown, 2004). Twenty-seven participants were subliminally presented with words that shared either a low or high degree of association with the word ‘pain’ (low versus high associates). Shortly after, randomised laser heat stimuli was delivered at one of three intensity levels (low, moderate, high). Behavioural ratings of pain were taken and physiological responses were measured using electroencephalogram. Pain ratings were higher after the presentation of a high associate than they were after a low associate for the moderate and high intensity conditions only. These effects remained when various measures of mood, anxiety and symptom reporting were controlled for. Similar effects in physiological data are reported with larger amplitudes in both stimulus preceding negativity and the N2 component of the laser evoked potential after presentation of a high associate relative to a low associate. Data are discussed in relation to activation-based theories of memory and pain. Paper 3, a critical reflection, considers additional issues that have arisen throughout Papers 1 and 2. The systematic review process, as it was applied in Paper 1 is critically appraised and methodological, theoretical and clinical implications of Paper 2 are discussed.

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